Many people have argued that the evolution of the human language faculty cannot be explained by Darwinian natural selection. Chomsky and Gould have suggested that language may have evolved as the by-product of selection for other abilities or as a consequence of as-yet unknown laws of growth and form. Others have argued that a biological specialization for grammar is incompatible with every ten...

An essay about mimicking some aspects of language processing in our heads, using information fusion and competing patterns.

in vitro assessment of the antifungal activities was evaluated in the present study for both aqueous and ethanol extracts prepared from leaves of avicennia marina and rhizophora mucronata . leaves of mangrove species were collected from qeshm and syrik of south-east coast of iran, mangrove forest respectively. antimicrobial tests were carried out through disk diffusion method. minimum fungicida...

Grice (1957) drew a famous distinction between natural(N) and non-natural(NN) meaning, where what is meant(NN) is broadly equivalent to what is intentionally communicated. This paper argues that Grice’s dichotomy overlooks the fact that spontaneously occurring natural signs may be intentionally shown , and hence used in intentional communication. It also argues that some naturally occurring beh...

For a cognitive account of reasoning it is useful to factor out the syntactic aspect — the aspect that has to do with pattern matching and simple substitution — from the rest. The calculus of monotonicity, alias the calculus of natural logic, does precisely this, for it is a calculus of appropriate substitutions at marked positions in syntactic structures. We first introduce the semantic and th...

concepts in general, and the concepts of natural number and geometry in particular, present a longstanding puzzle to the brain and cognitive sciences. Nevertheless, a rich array of studies in cognitive development, animal cognition, cognitive psychology, comparative cultural psychology, and cognitive neuroscience is providing clues that may lead to its solution. Four cognitive systems found in ...

seismic waves are filtered as they pass through soil layers, from bedrock to surface. frequencies and amplitudes of the response wave are affected due to this filtration effect and this will result in different ground motion characteristics. therefore, it is important to consider the impact of the soil properties on the evaluation of earthquake ground motions for the design of structures. soil ...

We introduce new methods for defining generalized sums of monotone operators and generalized compositions of monotone operators with linear maps. Under asymptotic conditions we show these operations coincide with the usual ones. When the monotone operators are subdifferentials of convex functions, a similar conclusion holds. We compare these generalized operations with previous constructions by...

background:   iran places sixth amongst high risk natural disaster countries and guilan province of iran shoulders a large amount of socio-economic burden due to snow catastrophes. the more knowledge of circumstances we have, the more efficient our future encounters will be. methods: in this retrospective study, of all of the patients admitted to poursina hospital due to snow and ice related tr...