In terms of sharp drop of international oil prices in the second half of 2008 after heading skyward in the first half of 2008 following continual growth since 2005, while at the same time certain parity among energy prices was disrupted, the author of this article tried to investigate key factors that influenced oil and gas industry and to answer the question what would be a »fair» price of cru...

the request for natural gas attention to its adaption with environment and less pollution than the other fossil fuels has the highest growth in last decades. in result this energy has high geopolitical importance. iran with has about 2.18 percent of total world reserves, the largest in the world. but couldn't played important role in the natural gas geopolitics and even it hasn't in b...

We test for the presence of time-varying parameters (TVP) in the long-run dynamics of energy prices for oil, natural gas and coal, within a standard class of mean-reverting models. We also propose residual-based diagnostic tests and examine out-of-sample forecasts. In-sample LR tests support the TVP model for coal and gas but not for oil, though companion diagnostics suggest that the model is t...

use of zinc and iron oxide are common in the desulfurization process from natural gas. in thisresearch, after determinations of the size and specifications through tem and xrd for each of the metaloxides, two different size ratios were used, 0.66 for zinc oxide and 0.142 for iron oxide. further, absorption of sulfur compounds in gas (hydrogen sulfide (h2s), carbonyl sulfide (cos), methyl mercap...

In this paper, we revisit price and volatility transmission among natural gas, fertilizer, corn markets; an important issue was explored in previous work. An update of the results is urgently needed due to recent enormous commodities, energy markets. We followed same methodology as work used vector error correction model multivariate generalized autoregressive heteroskedasticity model, but adop...

compressibility factor and viscosity of natural gasses are of great importance in petroleum and chemical engineering. to calculate the natural gas properties in the pipelines, storage systems and reservoirs, the exact values of gas compressibility factor and viscosity are required. a new method that allows accurate determination of compressibility factor and gas viscosity for all types of: swee...