We consider the colorization problem of grayscale images when some pixels, called scribbles, with initial colors are given. In this paper, we propose a new multi-layer graph model and an energy formulation that can incorporate higher-order cues for reliable colorization of natural images. In contrast to most existing energy functions with unary and pairwise constraints, we address the problem o...

A simple graph-product type construction shows that for all natural numbers r ≥ q, there exists an edge-coloring of the complete graph on 2 vertices using r colors where the graph consisting of the union of arbitrary q color classes has chromatic number 2. We show that for each fixed natural number q, if there exists an edge-coloring of the complete graph on n vertices using r colors where the ...

What determines how languages categorize colors? We analyzed results of the World Color Survey (WCS) of 110 languages to show that despite gross differences across languages, communication of chromatic chips is always better for warm colors (yellows/reds) than cool colors (blues/greens). We present an analysis of color statistics in a large databank of natural images curated by human observers ...

Estimating the frequency of metameric surfaces in natural scenes usually requires many comparisons of surface colors to determine which are visually indistinguishable under one light but distinguishable-by a certain criterion degree-under another. The aim here was to test the predictive power of a simpler approach to estimation based on the entropy of colors. In simulations with 50 hyperspectra...

Flowers usually provide their pollinators with food, such as nectar. But some flowers trick into pollinating without offering any food. Cheater from the same species can be of different colors, and this might confuse pollinators, because they have to visit many before learning that all colors represent cheater flowers. To investigate this, we trained bees artificial could change color of. The l...