Triphenylethylene structures similar to tamoxifen (Nolvadex) were first used in the 1940s, but in comparison to synthetic and natural estrogens used at that time, they were not particularly potent antitumor agents. [1,2] Tamoxifen was introduced into the clinic in 1969. Because of its much improved toxicity profile over the estrogens and androgens in use at that time, it rapidly gained acceptan...

A recent clinical trial in African children demonstrated the potential utility of merozoite surface protein (MSP)-3 as a vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The present study evaluated the use of Plasmodium vivax MSP-3 (PvMSP-3) as a target antigen in vaccine formulations against malaria caused by P. vivax. Recombinant proteins representing MSP-3α and MSP-3β of P. vivax were expresse...

an adjuvant is a substance that is added to a vaccine to increase the body's immune response to the vaccine. vaccines containing adjuvants are tested for safety in clinical trials before they are licensed for used. the basic action of adjuvants is stimulating adaptive immune responses. adjuvants, recently licensed for human utlization, involve alum squalane oil or water emulsion, influenza viro...

Native type I heat-labile toxins (LTs) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains exert strong adjuvant effects on both antibody and T cell responses to soluble and particulate antigens following co-administration via mucosal routes. However, inherent enterotoxicity and neurotoxicity (following intra-nasal delivery) had reduced the interest in the use of these toxins as mucosal...

calcium mobilization is known to be an important factor in the activation of cells involved in inflammation,so,calcium-channel antagonists are be expected ti exhibit antiinflammatory activity.in the present study,we evaluateted the antiinflammatory effects of two calcium channel blockers,verapamil and nifedipine on adjuvant induced chronic in flammation in rat paw.sixty adult male rats were div...

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been going on since November in the World with different variants of SARS-CoV-2. Effective vaccine and drug investigations for COVID-19 are still ongoing. For decreasing mortality rate keeping social distance, using a mask, washing hands, improving immune systems important. Propolis is natural bee product that contains various bioactive subst...

Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine one etiological factor for colon cancer development. Incidences still high around world, even with current therapy, emerging need innovational approach to increase achievement improvement remission. Curcumin natural compound derived from Curcuma longa has been well ...

Clinical trials indicate that mammography provides a substantial breast cancer survival benefit; however, there is a need to demonstrate that this benefit extends to clinical practice and to determine the extent that current reductions in mortality are attributable to regular screening or adjuvant systemic therapy. Mammography was used routinely at our institution across a broad age range, in a...