OBJECTIVE Germany spends the highest share (10.4%) of its gross domestic product on health care among European Union countries. The majority of this financing comes from an earmarked tax on labor earnings. Drug spending, as a share (12.7%), is relatively low, as is per-capita drug spending. Over the past decade, a number of specific budgeting initiatives were introduced to control drug spending...

..................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ................................

BACKGROUND Despite the complexity of drug use, a number of indicators have been developed, standardized and evaluated by the World Health Organization (WHO). These indicators are grouped in to three categories namely: prescribing indicators, patient care indicators and facility indicators. The study was aimed to evaluate rational drug use based on WHO-core drug use indicators in Dilchora referr...

the international data have indicated a growing trend of alcohol use worldwide during recent years. although alcohol use is against cultural norms and religious law in iran, anecdotal reports from substance abuse treatment providers show that there is demand for alcohol treatment in the country. a recent national report also documented alcohol use disorders in iran. development and implementati...

48 Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy JMCP January/February 2004 Vol. 10, No. 1 www.amcp.org ormularies have existed in various forms for nearly 100 years. Beginning as a simple list of available drugs, they have evolved into a dynamic guide for the selection and application of preferred drug therapies by pharmacists and physicians in clinical applications. Formularies have been utilized widely a...

Programmes that monitor local, national and regional levels of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance inform treatment guidelines and provide feedback on the success of HIV-1 treatment and prevention programmes. The World Health Organization (WHO) has established a global programme for genotypic surveillance of HIV-1 drug resistance and has recommended the adoption of a consensus definition of genot...

The National Formulary (Fornas) is a list of drugs stipulated in Decree the Minister Health Republic Indonesia, which used as guideline for hospitals drug supply participants Insurance (JKN) program. Doctor's prescription one indicator quality hospital services. Prescribing based on guidelines will provide efficiency drugs. purpose this study was to facilitate controlling supplies, safe use and...