BACKGROUND A case of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis associated with transfusion of blood that did not react when tested for WNV by minipool (MP) nucleic acid testing (NAT) is described. A Nebraska man developed clinical encephalitis 13 days after surgery and transfusion of 26 blood components. Antibody testing confirmed WNV infection. An investigation was initiated to determine the source o...

Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) labels for Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) usages, such as Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) and NAT discovery, are defined in this document to allow an application layer to negotiate STUN usages within the Transport Layer Security (TLS) connection. ALPN protocol identifiers defined in this document apply to both TLS and Datagram T...

Using fresh clinical material, a comparison of a number of anaerobic selective media was made. For Gram-negative anaerobes nalidixic acid tween agar (NAT), neomycin agar (NA), and neomycin-vancomycin agar (NVA) all performed equally well. Kanamycin-containing media were more inhibitory to all Gram-negative anaerobes other than Bacteroides fragilis and B. melaninogenicus. When the recovery of Gr...

A fundamental result of Büchi states that the set of monadic second-order formulas true in the structure (Nat,<) is decidable. A natural question is: what monadic predicates (sets) can be added to (Nat,<) while preserving decidability? Elgot and Rabin found many interesting predicates P for which the monadic theory of 〈Nat,<,P〉 is decidable. The Elgot and Rabin automata theoretical method has b...

NAT has been design to work with Internet client-server structure. The emerged of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks and applications revealed the incompatibility between P2P applications and NAT. Many methods has been developed and implemented to solve connectivity between peers behind NAT devices. Nevertheless, various NATing types can’t communicate with one another. In this work, we are going to st...

In this paper, we propose NAT Revelio, a novel test suite and methodology for detecting NAT deployments beyond the home gateway, also known as NAT444 (e.g., Carrier Grade NAT). Since NAT444 solutions may impair performance for some users, understanding the extent of NAT444 deployment in the Internet is of interest to policymakers, ISPs, and users. We perform an initial validation of the NAT Rev...

BACKGROUND Little is known about how the severity of injury changes with recurrent events of suspected non-accidental trauma (NAT). Our objective was to determine risk factors for escalating severity of injury in children with multiple events of suspected NAT. METHODS This retrospective longitudinal cohort study included children from a pediatric Medicaid accountable care organization with ≥ ...

Over the past two decades, a long series of specific and non-specific measures have been introduced into the screening of blood donations in order to reduce the residual risk of transmission of bloodborne viruses. The latest specific measure has been viral nucleic acid testing (NAT), introduced by the European plasma industry in 1995, and subsequently introduced for blood donations in several c...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE India has a high prevalence of HIV-1, hapatitis C and B virus (HCV and HBV) in the blood donors but has yet to implement nucleic acid testing (NAT) in blood screening. We undertook a multicentre evaluation of blood donor testing by NAT for simultaneous detection of HIV-1, HBV and HCV in a single tube and also to determine the feasibility of NAT implementation in India's l...

The arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT) gene is strongly expressed in the rat primarily in the pineal gland; low levels of expression are also found in the retina. AA-NAT catalyzes the key regulatory step controlling rhythmic melatonin output: the acetylation of serotonin. In the rat, the AA-NAT gene is expressed at night. This is controlled partly by cyclic AMP (cAMP) acting through a ...