The toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) has been known since 1950s. TCDD is a by-product of herbicide 2,4-dichloroacetophenol (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichloroacetophenol (2,4,5-T), but it was first found in fryash of municipal incinerator in 1979 in Japan. In 1998, the survey of municipal incinerators revealed that 105 out of 1,641 produced above the allowed emission level of 80 ng T...

Waste management has become a great social concern for modern societies. Landfill emissions have been identified among the major contributors of global warming and climate changes with significant impact in national economies. The energy industry constitutes an additional greenhouse gas emitter, while at the same time it is characterized by significant costs and uncertain fuel prices. The above...

Leachate from a municipal battery recycling site is a potent source of mixed-metal released into the environment. The present study investigated the degree at which mixed-metal exposure to the municipal auto-battery leachate (MABL) and to the Elewi Odo municipal auto-battery recycling site leachate (EOMABRL) affected the lipid membrane of the testes in in vitro experiment. The results showed el...

Solid waste, including municipal waste and its management, is a major challenge for most cities and among the key contributors to climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced through recovery and recycling of resources from the municipal solid waste stream. In São Paulo, Brazil, recycling cooperatives play a crucial role in providing recycling services including collection, separatio...

In the context of quality assurance for the emergency medical services in Bavaria a segmentation of the municipal areas is necessary. Such municipal subareas are not officially defined; however, official submunicipalities do exist as point information. On the basis of these points an algorithm, generating reasonable borders within the municipal areas, was developed and implemented using ArcPy. ...

Dr. Arun Nayak, MBBS, MD Obstetrics & Gynaecology, DGO, FICOG is Professor & Head of Unit in Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology at Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital, Mumbai, India; Dr. Meenal Sarmalkar, MBBS, MD Obstetrics & Gynaecology, DGO is Additional Associate Professor in Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai, Maharashtra...

Open dumping and landfilling are the prevalent solid waste disposal practices in Thailand. Surveys on the disposal sites revealed the presence of 95 landfills and 330 open dumps. Methane emission potential at these sites was estimated by three methods. Results of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method, Landfill Gas Emission model (LandGEM), and closed flux chamber technique...

Although most of the air pollutants can be removed with air pollution control facilities, the greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide) is unavoidably released into the atmosphere from the flue gas during waste incineration. The amounts of CO2 emitted from municipal solid waste incinerators are usually estimated following the guidelines set down by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Ho...

In developing countries like India, urban solid waste (SW) generation is increasing enormously and most of the SWs are disposed off by land filling in low-lying areas, resulting into generation of large quantities of biogas. Methane, the major constituent gas is known to cause global warming due to green house gas (GHG) effect. There is a need to study the ever-increasing contribution of SW to ...