The global increase in antibiotic resistance is promoted by the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, creating a continuous selective pressure on bacteria. This resistance is depleting the number of effective antimicrobial agents. Since there have been few new agents active against Gram-negative bacteria in particular developed over the last two decades, it is important to make the most...

Antibiotics may be thought of as a common pool resource that can be depleted over time; the economics of this problem are relatively well known. The importance of antibiotics to human health means that limiting access through privatization is undesirable. Therefore, other solutions to prevent overuse are essential - stewardship programs, and for non-human use, taxation, all within the context o...

conclusions although the patients carrying m204i mutation were more likely to show lack of responses to lam therapy, lam replacing by other nucleoside/tide analogs plus hbig maybe still effective in decreasing hepatitis b recurrence after liver transplantation. however, it is suggested that drug resistance test should be considered by clinicians during therapeutic management to avoid the follow...

Widespread multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli has necessitated the reintroduction of older antibiotics, such as nitrofurantoin. However, mechanisms by which resistance to nitrofurantoin emerges in E. coli are not well elucidated. Toward this aim, we sequenced two nitrofurantoin-sensitive E. coli sequence types (ST540 and ST2747) and their four nitrofurantoin-resistant derivatives generate...

Real-time PCR assays were developed for the enumeration of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants, such as the qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS genes, in different water samples and chicken feces. The results indicate that the developed assays are specific and sensitive for the quantification of qnr genes in complex samples.

conclusions resistance to oxacillin and other antibiotics was high, and most of the isolates were found to be multi-drug resistance (mdr). plasmid analysis of representative s. aureus isolates also demonstrates the presence of a wide range of plasmid sizes, with no consistent relationship between plasmid profiles and resistance phenotypes. regular surveillance of hospital infections and monitor...

Multi-drug resistance of pathogenic microorganisms is becoming a serious threat, particularly to immunocompromised populations. The high mortality of systematic fungal infections necessitates novel antifungal drugs and therapies. Unfortunately, with traditional drug discovery approaches, only echinocandins was approved by FDA as a new class of antifungals in the past two decades. Drug efflux is...