Introduction: Recent studies have shown that astrocytes play major roles in normal and disease condition of the central nervous system including multiple sclerosis (MS). Molecular target therapy studies in MS have revealed that connexin-43 (Cx43) and Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) contents of astrocytes undergo expression alteration. Fluoxetine had some effects in MS patients unrelated to its known antidep...

A Japanese randomized controlled study showed that Interferon â (IFN-â1b) therapy is clinically effective in decreasing the frequency of attacks in multiple sclerosis (MS), even in optico-spinal MS (OSMS). However, recent studies have shown that IFN-â (IFN-â1a/IFN-â1b) treatment was not effective in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) patients and that the diminished benefit of IFN-â treatment in NMO m...

Costimulatory molecules help determine T cell responses. CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2), costimulatory proteins on antigen-presenting cells, bind to CD28 on T cells. When costimulation is coupled with a signal through the T cell receptor (TCR), T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion are induced. However, TCR signaling without CD80/CD86CD28 costimulation causes anergy. During multiple sclerosi...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is an inflammatory and autoimmune disease.ms is characterized by blood brain barrier breakdown, inflammation, axonal injury, degeneration of the myelin sheath and etc. a significant association between inflammation and degeneration of neurons is observed in the brain. also active ms lesions always associated with inflammation thus inflammation is a target for treatment o...

Proinflammatory cytokines produced by Th-1 cells and cytokines with immunosuppressive properties play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Glatiramer acetate (GA) is one of the most important immunomodulatory agents used in the therapy of MS. The mechanism of action of GA in MS is not yet fully explained. In our previous study we found the significant down-regulatio...

Combination therapy with mexiletine and quinidine has been shown to be more effective than either agent alone. The ability of mexiletine monotherapy, quinidine monotherapy and mexiletine-quinidine combination therapy to suppress inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia was related to drug-induced changes in ventricular refractoriness, conduction times and monophasic action potential duration...