Motherhood is no longer a simple concept. Black’s Law Dictionary defines “mother” as “a woman who has given birth to or legally adopted a child.” Recent advances in reproductive technologies have called into question this basic definition of motherhood. Through in vitro fertilization, it is possible to extract an egg from one woman and implant the fertilized egg into the uterus of another woman...

BACKGROUND Decision making for timing motherhood is one of the vital aspects of reproductive health. Separating sexual relationship from having a child has led to a different and unprecedented lifestyle in human history. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine the socioeconomic and emotional factors predicting decision making for timing motherhood among Iranian women using the...

Topological models involving matter couplings to Donaldson-Witten theory are presented. The construction is carried using both, the topological algebra and its central extension, which arise from the twisting of N = 2 supersymmetry in four dimensions. The framework in which the construction is based is constituted by the superspace associated to these algebras. The models show new features of t...

The N = 1, d = 4 superconformal group is studied and its representations are discussed. Under superconformal transformations, left invariant derivatives and some class of superfields, including supercurrents, are shown to follow these representations. In other words, these superfields are quasi-primary by analogy with two dimensional conformal field theory. Based on these results, we find the g...

Objective(s): Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by motor and cognitive dysfunctions. The progressive degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons that are present in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) has been the main focus of study and PD therapies since ages.Materials and Methods: In this manuscript, a systematic revision...

This paper exploits biological fertility shocks as instrumental variables to estimate the effect of motherhood delay on the cognitive ability of the next generation. Using detailed panel data on women in the NLSY79 and their first-born children aged 5 to 14, we find a year of delay leads to significant increases in math and reading scores: a 7 year delay produces gains on par with the black-whi...