1. INTRODUCTION Deardorff (1978, D78 henceforth) showed that a two-layered force-restore scheme is superior to bulk scheme in describing the surface soil moisture content because it contains the mechanism by which a deeper soil layer can influence the thin surface layer. This gives the flexibility and advantages in superficial soil moisture prediction especially when there are precipitation and...

The issue of the relationship between the central mean sealevel pressure (Pc) and maximum mean near-surface wind* (the wind-pressure relationship, hereafter WPR) in a tropical cyclone (TC) has been the subject of ongoing debate for many decades and a number of relationships have been developed during this period. This is demonstrated by the fact that the three Australian Tropical Cyclone Warnin...

Variational extremization of the relative Fisher information (RFI, hereafter) is performed. Reciprocity relations, akin to those of thermodynamics are derived, employing the extremal results of the RFI expressed in terms of probability amplitudes. A time independent Schrödinger-like equation (Schrödinger-like link) for the RFI is derived. The concomitant Legendre transform structure (LTS, herea...

Many objects in the real world are tubular in shape and this paper is about understanding this object class, which we refer to in the paper as generalized tubes (hereafter GTs). Intuitively, a GT is constructed by sweeping some planar closed curve (the GT cross-section) along a 3D space curve (the GT axis). First, we examine the GT class as a whole and identify two important GT subclasses where...

multi-national vaccine trials, I will refer primarily to the UNAIDS Guidance Document, Ethical Considerations in HIV Preventive Vaccine Research (hereafter, Guidance Document) [1]. This document, which was developed in the mid-1990s, states that its scope is limited to multinational trials of HIV preventive vaccines. However, I suggest that it is more generally relevant to multinational trials,...

Doubtless that Allah created man, vulnerable against vices and faults. By innate nature he is a sinner who commits sins involves in disobedience, this matter agreed upon by the sane prudent. Error, omission, forgetfulness, other shortcomings are compulsory ingredients of his personality. It evident uniqueness God Almighty with absolute perfection no parallel His creation. Sins have two departme...