Influence of fenugreek gum on bread and in vitro physiological effects This thesis examined the effect of fenugreek gum, from Canadian grown fenugreek on bread quality, when substituted for wheat flour at 5 % and 10 %, and the in vitro physiological effects of these breads, based on models of acute and long-term feeding. Study I determined bread could be produced with 10 % fenugreek gum, while ...

BACKGROUND Addiction to nicotine gum has never been described in never smokers or in never users of tobacco. METHODS Internet questionnaire in 2004-2006 in a self-selected sample of 434 daily users of nicotine gum. To assess dependence on nicotine gum, we used modified versions of the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS), the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and the Cigarette Depe...

Of 2110 adult cigarette smokers originally recruited to a study of the effect of antismoking advice in general practice, 429 who reported at follow up after one year that they had tried unsuccessfully to stop smoking were offered "a special antismoking chewing gum," either nicotine gum or a placebo gum, in a double blind study. Of 200 who were willing to try the gum, 101 were randomly allocated...

BACKGROUND Medical education is changing. Increasingly, there are calls for major curriculum reform based on premises of what might improve undergraduate medical education. Against this background, innovative methods of teaching and learning have emerged. Problem-based and student-centered approaches are increasingly being adopted with less reliance on the conventional didactic lecture forums. ...

Burkholderia mallei is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can cause fatal disease in animals and humans. To better understand the role of phagocytic cells in the control of infections caused by this organism, studies were initiated to examine the interactions of B. mallei with RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Utilizing modified kanamycin-protection assays, B. mallei was shown to survive and...

The full-length premembrane (prM) coding region of the dengue virus type 2 (DEN-2; Jamaica) genome was expressed in C6/36 (Aedes albopictus) cells in either the sense or the antisense orientation from a double subgenomic Sindbis (dsSIN) virus. Northern (RNA) blot analysis confirmed the expression of sense or antisense DEN-2 prM RNA in infected C6/36 cells. PrM protein was demonstrated in cells ...

AIMS To examine the occurrence of persistent use (i.e. use beyond 12 weeks) and concurrent use of nicotine gum with cigarettes among consumers who purchase nicotine gum over-the-counter (OTC). DESIGN Assessment of gum use was conducted in the context of a smoking cessation trial among smokers who purchased Nicorette gum and enrolled in the optional Committed Quitters smoking cessation program...

Methods for incorporating imprecision in engineering design decision-making are briefly reviewed and compared. A tutorial is presented on the Method of Imprecision (MoI), a formal method, based on the mathematics of fuzzy sets, for representing and manipulating imprecision in engineering design. The results of a design cost estimation example, utilizing a new informal cost specification, are pr...