Neutrinos are one of the major puzzles in modern physics. Despite measurements of mass differences, the Standard Model of particle physics describes them as exactly massless. Additionally, recent measurements from both particle physics experiments and cosmology indicate the existence of more than the three Standard Model species. Here, we review the cosmological evidence and its possible interp...

Inflation is now a basic ingredient of the modern cosmology. After reviewing the basic characteristics of inflation, we briefly discuss inflation in string and brane theories, focusing on the problem of the exit from inflation in these theories. We present a model, based on type-0 string theory, in which our universe after the inflationary phase, passes smoothly to a flat Robertson-Walker unive...

We review the essential features of the Chaplygin gas cosmological models and provide some examples of appearance of the Chaplygin gas equation of state in modern physics. A possible theoretical basis for the Chaplygin gas in cosmology is discussed. The relation with scalar field and tachyon cosmological models is also considered.

This philosophical paper explores the relation between modern scientific simulations and the future of the universe. We argue that a simulation of an entire universe will result from future scientific activity. This requires us to tackle the challenge of simulating open-ended evolution at all levels in a single simulation. The simulation should encompass not only biological evolution, but also ...

The aim of these lectures is to introduce some basic problems arising in gravitation and modern cosmology. All along the discussion the guiding theme is provided by the phenomenological and theoretical properties of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). These lectures have been prepared for a regular Phd course of the University of Milan-Bicocca. e-mail address: [email protected]

Supernovae play a critical role in observational cosmology as well as in astrophysics of stars and galaxies. Recent era has seen dramatic progress in the research of supernovae. Several programs to search systematically supernovae in nearby to distant galaxies have been very successful. Recent progresses in the modern supernova search are reviewed.

Some highlights of the history of modern cosmology and the lessons to be learned from the successes and blind alleys of the past are described. This heritage forms the background to the lectures and discussions at this Second Carnegie Centennial Symposium, which celebrates the remarkable contributions of the Carnegie Institution in the support of astronomical and cosmological research.

The question of how distant starlight can be seen in a young Universe has received much attention within creationist research. But creationist cosmological models need to explain much else in addition to the passage of light across vast distances. On both large and small cosmic scales there is a diverse range of trends, patterns, and phenomena that beckon some kind of explanation. Many of these...

this article concerns the contradiction between holly religious scripts and the knowledge system of modern world. this contradiction can be studied into two levels: first the contradiction between new scientific theories and the ontological verses in holly scripts; the second one is the contradiction between moral statements based on celestial verses and modern ethical system. this article stud...

The observation of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies is one the key probes physical cosmology. weak nature this signal has driven construction increasingly complex and sensitive experiments observing sky at multiple frequencies with thousands polarization detectors. Given high sensitivity such experiments, instrumental systematic effects can become limiting factor towards full scie...