Artificial neural networks (ANNs) constitute a class of flexible nonlinear models designed to mimic biological neural systems. In this entry, we introduce ANN using familiar econometric terminology and provide an overview of ANN modeling approach and its implementation methods. † Correspondence: Chung-Ming Kuan, Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei 115, Tai...

In this paper Raman-parametric amplifier has been investigated for long haul Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed (DWDM), L-band transmission. The performance of the proposed hybrid model has been compared in terms of signal gain and OSNR with FOPA and EDFA FOPA. Feasibility of Raman-FOPA for future long haul extended DWDM systems has been explored. Results indicate an achievable OSNR of 28 dB...

The aim of this study was to determine and identify bacteria inhabiting the supply chain of an airline's drinking water using phenotypic and 16S rDNA sequence-based analysis. Water samples (n = 184) were sourced from long-haul and short-haul aircraft, the airline water source and a water service vehicle. In total, 308 isolates were characterised and their identity determined, which produced 82 ...

Long-haul carriers must comply with various safety rules which are rarely taken into account in models and algorithms for vehicle routing problems. In this paper, we consider the rules on truck driver safety during long-haul trips in North America. The problem under study has two dominant features: a routing component that consists in determining the sequence of customers visited by each vehicl...

BACKGROUND Few studies of miners have been carried out in African countries; most are from South Africa, where the working conditions are assumed to be better than in the rest of Africa. Several studies have focused on respiratory disorders among miners, but development workers responsible for creating underground road ways have not been studied explicitly. This is the first study assessing the...

This paper reviews the current knowledge of cosmic radiation and its applicability to commercial aviation. Galactic cosmic radiation emanates from outside the solar system, while occasionally a disturbance in the sun’s atmosphere leads to a surge in radiation particles. Protection is provided by the sun’s magnetic field, the earth’s magnetic field, and the earth’s atmosphere. Dose rates are dep...

Bycatch in longline fisheries threatens the viability of some seabird populations. The Hawaii longline swordfish fishery reduced seabird captures by an order of magnitude primarily through mitigating bycatch during setting. Now, 75% of captures occur during hauling. We fit observer data to a generalized additive regression model with mixed effects to determine the significance of the effect of ...

The issues of public transport service, its quality, road safety along the route are becoming a priority worldwide. After all, ensuring serves to increase attractiveness. Research-based on different approaches is being conducted in areas. However, issue remains relevant. Traffic accidents bus routes occur mainly at intersections, haul sections, and intermediate stops. Intersections single-level...

In order to cope with multi-dimensional mine disasters in deep mines, enhance the adaptability of open tunnel-boring machine (TBM) actual working face environment, and improve excavation speed TBM, based on project Gaojiapu Coal Mine Zhengtong Industry, Shaanxi Province, this paper comprehensively considers difficulties encountered by TBM process improves system its supporting equipment. The re...