Establishing operations can alter problem behaviors by changing the momentary value of reinforcers associated with those problem behaviors. If establishing operations (EOs) precede the presentation of discriminative stimuli (SDs) for problem behaviors, it may be possible to introduce neutralizing routines that both reduce the value of reinforcers associated with problem behaviors and decrease t...

The paper examines the links between degree of intellectual disability, challenging behaviour, service utilisation and cost for a group of people with intellectual disabilities living in care accommodation in England. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of people with intellectual disabilities, identified via provider organisations, with supplementary collection of costs data. Multivariate a...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The process of deinstitutionalization for intellectual disability services is at different stages across the world, varying from complete closure in Sweden to a vague hope in Taiwan. This review explores recent literature on deinstitutionalization and intellectual disabilities and focuses on papers published in academic journals mainly during 2006. RECENT FINDINGS Work on de...

BACKGROUND Many people with intellectual disability present with challenging behaviour which often has serious consequences such as the prescription of long term medication, in-patient admissions and disruption of normal daily activities. Small scale studies of Positive Behaviour Support (PBS) delivered by paid carers suggest that it reduces challenging behaviour and costs of care and improves ...

OBJECTIVE To examine the ability of children with intellectual disabilities to give reliable accounts of personally experienced events, considering the effects of delay, severity of disability, and the types of interview prompt used. METHOD In a between-subjects design, we compared children with intellectual disabilities (7-12 years) that fell in either the mild-borderline range (n = 46) or t...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of mental retardation by gender, age of diagnosis, and location in Zonguldak, Turkey. METHODS The data of 1909 mentally retarded children recorded between 1995 and 2003 was obtained from the Learning Disability Guidance and Research Centre. Age, gender, IQ scores, the age of diagnosis, and living areas of cases were evaluated. RESULTS The distribution of...

Obesity, mild intellectual disability, hypotonia, poor sucking, cryptorchidism in males, hypogonadism, and kyphoscoliosis are common features of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). We report a case who had severe respiratory complications due to extreme obesity and kyphoscoliosis, which are important causes of morbidity and mortality, and discuss management. Furthermore, this is the first molecularly ...

Very recently, FOXP1 deficiency was shown to result in a phenotype of intellectual disability with significant speech and language impairment. Behavioral abnormalities should be considered as part of the clinical spectrum. Mild craniofacial abnormalities found in half of the described patients expand the clinical spectrum associated with FOXP1 mutations.

objectives: emotional intelligence skills begin at home, and with positive interactions with parents and other children. parents can help children recognize their emotions, name them, and learn how to respect their feelings and adapt to social situations. the aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional intelligence training on the communication skills of students ...