Several methods have been reported for the syn­ thesis of isocyanates, most of them involving the use of phosgene: e.g. phosgene and primary amines [1] either in basic [2] or in acidic medium [1]; phosgene and diaryl urea [1]; phosgene and l-alkyl-3-arylsulphonyl urea [3]; or phosgene and sulfinyl amines [4], Isocyanates were further synthesized from olefins or alkyl halides by the use of isocy...

Occupationally related asthma developing in three patients due specifically to exposure to 1,5-naphthylene di-isocyanate (NDI), a hot curing agent used in manufacturing rubber, has been confirmed for the first time using bronchial provocation testing. This substance has been thought to be safer than toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) and diphenylmethane di-isocyanate (MDI) because of its relatively hi...

Isocyanates are a frequent cause of occupational asthma. Specific inhalation challenges are often required to confirm the diagnosis. The inhaled concentration has to be assessed during this procedure. However, the respiratory retention of di-isocyanate has not, to the authors knowledge, been evaluated in humans. The existence of a closed-circuit apparatus, designed to carry out these challenges...

This paper aims at making a study on the bonding properties of birch with API adhesive. A non-formaldehyde adhesive to improve the bonding strength and water resistance of the emulsion was investigated. The adhesive was a composite system that was formulated from polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) emulsion, PVA, isocyanate and some other additives. In this study the effect of isocyanate at room temperatu...

Abstract A copper hydroxystannate (CHS) functionalized graphene oxide (GO) (CHS@GO) was feasibly prepared through an in‐situ method, and well characterized by TEM, XRD, FTIR XPS. Rigid poly vinyl chloride (RPVC) foams containing CHS@GO were utilizing methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride isocyanate as coupling agents, azodiisobutyronitrile azodicarbonamide blowing agents. The fire safety, mechanic...

OBJECTIVES Although respiratory exposures have been the primary concern with isocyanates, skin exposure also can occur and may contribute to sensitization and asthma. Methodologies to assess isocyanate skin exposure in the workplace are limited and skin exposure data scarce. The goals of this study were (i) to evaluate and validate the isocyanate colorimetric indicators against a quantitative a...

Further to our recent publications on cancer morbidity of Methyl isocyanate (MIC) exposed long-term survivors and their offspring and carcinogenesis of MIC in this journal (Senthilkumar et al., 2011; 2012), my attention was drawn to express my views to Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) for the need to validate MIC in cancer etiology, in particular, to cancer risk prediction in the prese...

Cardiopulmonary function was assessed four and six months after Fischer 344 rats were exposed to 2 hr to 0, 3, or 10 ppm methyl isocyanate (MIC). During assessment, the rats were challenged with 4 and 8% carbon dioxide (CO2) to stimulate ventilatory drive. Minute ventilation (VE) during CO2 challenge was increased in MIC-treated rats compared to controls when examined 4 months after exposure to...

The effects of a 4-day inhalation exposure (6 hr/day) to 0, 1, and 3 ppm methyl isocyanate (MIC) on bone marrow parameters in female mice were examined at 5, 8, and 21 days following exposure. The MIC exposure was associated with myelotoxicity as evidenced by hypocellularity, suppression of pluripotent stem cells (CFU-S), granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (CFU-GM) and erythroid precursors (CFU...