• Linguistic evidence does not support an evolution of numbers from concrete to abstract. There is no that early were conceived as fused with counted objects. Signs for powers a specific base, abstraction, define the emergence numerical notations. Invented number signs lower tend be schematic and tied counting practices. Numeracy writing constitute different phenomena, whose paths formation oft...

Cryptography is, in the true sense of the word, a classic discipline: we find it in Mesopotamia and Caesar used it. Typically, the historical examples involve secret services and military. Information is exchanged amongst a limited community in which each member is to be trusted. Like Caesar’s chiffre these systems were entirely symmetric. Thus, the communicating parties needed to have a common...