Several workers have shown that phase transition-related changes in membrane lipids have a profound effect on membrane-solvated protein function. This phase transition temperature dependence has been explained as resulting from the formation of lateral phase separations within the membrane bilayer. The present study demonstrates that a clinical concentration of an inhalation anesthetic produces...

The equations and the component-specific parameters needed for these detailed models are contained in specialized programs such as Aspen. However, for preliminary work it may be sufficient, and more convenient, to employ more simplified methods. If pressures are low, we may approximate φi ≈ 1 and f 0 i ≈ P sat i (T), where P sat i (T) is the vapor pressure of pure component i. Further, if the c...

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Biomimetic membranes in contact with a planar substrate or a second membrane are studied theoretically. The membranes contain specific adhesion molecules (stickers) which are attracted by the second surface. In the absence of stickers, the trans-interaction between the membrane and the second surface is assumed to be repulsive at short separations. It is shown that the interplay of specific att...

Pharmaceutical production typically involves multiple reaction steps with separations between successive reactions. Two processes which complicate the transition from batch to continuous operation in multistep synthesis are solvent exchange (especially high-boiling- to low-boiling-point solvent), and catalyst separation. Demonstrated here is membrane separation as an enabling platform for under...

REVIEWS This review covers developments and applications in chiral separations from January 2000 to March 2002. This review is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all papers published, but focuses on major developments in the field of chiral separations as well as representative applications. The review is restricted to the English language literature except as noted for several specif...

We show that MAEXP, the exponential time version of the Merlin-Arthur class, does not have polynomial size circuits. This significantly improves the previous known result due to Kannan since we furthermore show that our result does not relativize. This is the first separation result in complexity theory that does not relativize. As a corollary to our separation result we also obtain that PEXP, ...