Although the surgical treatment is a relatively effective and predictable method for correcting residual or recurrent strabismus, such as posterior fixation sutures, medial rectus marginal myotomy, unilateral or bilateral rectus re-recession and resection, unilateral lateral rectus recession and adjustable suture, no standard protocol is established for the surgical style. Different surgical ap...

To the Editors: Acquired progressive esotropia in patients with high myopia1 is caused by conversion of lateral rectus muscle function from abduction to infraduction, leading to impaired abduction and supraduction.2 Imaging techniques have revealed abnormal extraocular muscle position in these patients; the lateral rectus muscle is displaced inferiorly and the superior rectus muscle is shifted ...

Eye muscle fibers can be divided into two categories: nontwitch, multiply innervated muscle fibers (MIFs), and twitch, singly innervated muscle fibers (SIFs). We investigated the location of motoneurons supplying SIFs and MIFs in the six extraocular muscles of monkeys. Injections of retrograde tracers into eye muscles were placed either centrally, within the central SIF endplate zone; in an int...

Ophthalmic examination yielded the following results: vision: OD: 20/40, OS: 20/40; intraocular pressure (IOP): OD: 15 mm Hg, OS: 15 mm Hg. Eye position and motion were normal. Slit lamp examination showed a purple-hued cystic mass nasally of the left eye, extending to the orbit with clear verge and slight congestion (Figure 1). Orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a mass in front ...

This study attempted to evaluate the influence of using an unstable shoe in muscle recruitment strategies and center of pressure (CoP) displacement after the application of an external perturbation. Fourteen healthy female subjects participated in this study. The electromyographic activity of medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, rectus abdominis and erector s...

An 11-year-old male child presented with a mass on the nasal aspect of the right eye that has been there for the last 2 years. Extraocular movements were decreased in the right eye on levoversion, levoelevation, and levodepression. Local examination revealed a bluish mass with irregular surface and ill-defined margins located in the medial rectus muscle. The mass was 10 × 20 mm in size, firm, n...

Eighty-five adults with horizontal concomitant strabismus were treated with an injection of a low dose of botulinum toxin A (BTXA) into the lateral or medial rectus muscle. The ocular deviation was reduced by an average of 60% independently of its size and whether or not surgery had previously been performed. The change was temporary, however, except in those cases with binocular functions, whe...