In Portugal important legal innovations have been introduced in local government, related to the problems of negative images associated with longevity and corruption, a decrease voters’ turnout. Independent lists were into race form citizen groups, mayors’ terms limited three there was parity law. Participative budgets decentralized council meetings also provided new tools for participation. Th...

• Millions of South Africans protest their municipal council’s low provision public services like water, sewage, trash removal, and electricity. Studies service in Africa assume they are ethnically targeted that high ethnic diversity undermines provision. Municipal councils highly areas actually produce more because the coalitions need to build pass policy. Mayors, powerful head councils, will ...