Free-form strong-lensing (SL) mass reconstructions typically suffer from overfitting, which manifest itself as false-positive small-scale fluctuations. We present a new free-form MAximum-entropy ReconStruction (${\tt MARS}$) method without the assumption that light traces (LTM). The ${\tt MARS}$ algorithm enables us to achieve excellent convergence in source positions ~0.001$"$, minimize spurio...

We discuss a special class of generalized divergence measures by the use of generator functions. Any divergence measure in the class is separated into the difference between cross and diagonal entropy. The diagonal entropy measure in the class associates with a model of maximum entropy distributions; the divergence measure leads to statistical estimation via minimization, for arbitrarily giving...

Based on the Markov model and the basic theory of information entropy, this paper puts forward a new method for optimizing the location of observation points in order to obtain more information from limited geological investigation. According to the existing data from observation points data, classification of tunnel geological lithology was performed, and various lithology distribution were de...