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background: multiple sclerosis (ms) is an autoimmune,  neuro- inflammatory disease  of  central nervous system affecting physical, emotional, and cognitive aspects of patients. association of vitamin d deficiency and ms has been shown in previous studies. the aim of this study was to evaluate serum vitamin d level in ms cases and their sex-matched healthy siblings (who are genetically near simi...

background: this study examined the association between incident pulmonary tuberculosis (tb) and social and behavioral characteristics in almaty oblast, kazakhstan from 2012 to 2013. methods: we used a matched case-control design to estimate the role of factors for acquiring pulmonary tb. totally 324 individuals were recruited from sep 2012 to mar 2013. participants included 110 tb index cases ...

In an observational study, to investigate the treatment effect, one common strategy is match control subjects treated subjects. The outcomes between two groups are then compared after TC (treatment-control) match. However, when outcome rare, detection of difference can be challenging. An alternative approach compare or exposure discrepancy matching with (cases) without (referents). Throughout a...

Identification of confounding factors, evaluation of their influence on cause-effect associations, and the introduction of appropriate ways to account for these factors are important considerations in designing case-control studies. This paper presents designs useful for these purposes, after first providing a statistical definition of a confounding factor. Differences in the ability to identif...

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that infertility may result in a decrease in quality of life (QOL). MaterialsAndMethods In this case control study that carried out on 150 women with infertility and 150 women undergone TL as the control group. The participants were asked to fill out the Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) questionnaire, a generic instrument to measur...