As XML is going to become the standard document format, there is still the legacy problem of large amounts of text (written in the past as well as today) that are not available in this format. In order to exploit the benefits of XML, these legacy texts must be converted into XML. In this chapter, we discuss the issues of automatic XML markup of documents. We give a survey on existing approaches...

The extensible markup language (XML) is a markup language promoted by the World Wide Web consortium (W3C). XML overcomes the limitations of hypertext markup language (HTML) and represents an important opportunity to solve the problem of protecting information distributed on the Web, with the definition of access restrictions directly on the structure and content of the document. This chapter su...

Markup languages based on XML are increasingly popular, and languages for other formats such as RDF are under active development. One of the problems involved in converting legacy documents to use XML or other markup formats is the insertion of tags into the document and the consequent rearrangement of text required when markup is added to an existing, un-marked-up document. This paper describe...

The proliferation of devices with the ability to deliver information anywhere at any time has increased the users’ flexibility and the quality of services. It has also caused the need for development and deployment of new infrastructures supporting multiple platforms. As a result, new techniques for delivering content according to device features and even specific languages such as User Interfa...

As a new style of effective information presentations and a new multimodal information content production on the World Wide Web (WWW), multimodal presentation using interactive life-like agents with verbal conversation capability appears to be very attractive and important. For this purpose, we have developed Multimodal Presentation Markup Language (MPML), which allows many users to write attra...

Software analysis techniques, and in particular software “design recovery”, have been highly successful at both technical and businesslevel semantic markup of large scale software systems written in a wide variety of programming languages, and in particular have proven efficient and scalable in assisting the resolution of the “year 2000” problem for billions of lines of legacy source code. In t...

In recent years it has been argued that when XML encodings become complex, DOM trees are no longer adequate for query processing. Alternative representations of XML documents, such as multi-colored trees [7] have been proposed as a replacement for DOM trees for complex markup. In this paper we consider the use of Generalized Ordered-Descendant Directed Acyclic Graphs (GODDAGs) for the purpose o...

and application service frameworks). We believe that the Semantic Web markup language DAML+OIL (DARPA Agent Markup Language plus Ontology Inference Layer) will be central to this goal’s realization. The DAML Program aims to develop a Semantic Web markup language that provides sufficient rules for ontology development and that supports intelligent agents and other applications.1,2 (For more info...

I describe a synthesis withn TEX of descriptive markup and object-oriented programming. An underlying formatting system may use a number of different collections of user-level markup, such as LATEX or SGML. I give an extension of WX's markup scheme that more effectively addresses the needs of a production environment. The implementation of such a system benefits from the use of the model of obj...

Synchronization of speech, facial expressions and body gestures is one of the most critical problems in realistic avatar animation in virtual environments. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a new high-level animation language to describe avatar animation. The Avatar Markup Language (AML), based on XML, encapsulates the Text to Speech, Facial Animation and Body Animation in a u...