The notion of infinite order Markov process is introduced and the Markov property of the flow of information is established.

Investors use different approaches to select optimal portfolio. so, Optimal investment choices according to return can be interpreted in different models. The traditional approach to allocate portfolio selection called a mean - variance explains. Another approach is Markov chain. Markov chain is a random process without memory. This means that the conditional probability distribution of the nex...

For a single or a group of Markov channels gating reversibly, distributions of open and closed times should be the sum of positively weighted decaying exponentials. Violation of this microscopic reversibility has been demonstrated previously on a number of occasions at the single channel level, and has been attributed to possible channel coupling to external sources of free energy. Here we show...

We study the entropy rate of a hidden Markov process, defined by observing the output of a symmetric channel whose input is a first order Markov process. Although this definition is very simple, obtaining the exact amount of entropy rate in calculation is an open problem. We introduce some probability matrices based on Markov chain's and channel's parameters. Then, we try to obtain an estimate ...

Through theoretical analysis of the statistics of stochastic calcium (Ca) release (i.e., the amplitude, duration and inter-event interval of simulated Ca puffs and sparks), we show that a Langevin description of the collective gating of Ca channels may be a good approximation to the corresponding Markov chain model when the number of Ca channels per Ca release unit (CaRU) is in the physiologica...

Wireless blockchain network is proposed to enable a decentralized and safe wireless networks for various applications. To achieve consensus in network, one of the important steps broadcast new block using channel. Under protocols, transmitting will be affected significantly. In this work, we focus on process blockchain-based local area (B-WLAN) by investigating impact media access control (MAC)...

The analysis and modeling of spatial temporal changes in land use can reveal changing urban patterns trends. In this paper, we introduce a linear transformation optimization Markov (LTOM) model that be exploited to estimate the state transition probability matrix use, building loosely coupled ANN-CA-LTOM for simulating predicting changes. advantages are it is flexible high expansibility; mainta...

In this paper, the ambiguity of nite state irreducible Markov chain trajectories is reminded and is obtained for two state Markov chain. I give an applicable example of this concept in President election

This paper presents CSMA/ECA, which combines the efficiency of reservation-based protocols and the simplicity of random access mechanisms. The maximum efficiency of CSMA/CA with optimal parameter adjustment is easily exceeded by CSMA/ECA, even when fixed parameters are used by the latter. CSMA/ECA stations fairly coexist with legacy CSMA/CA and increase the portion of time that is devoted to su...

This work introduces MACACO, a macroscopic calcium currents simulator. It provides a parameter-sweep framework which computes macroscopic Ca(2+) currents from the individual aggregation of unitary currents, using a stochastic model for L-type Ca(2+) channels. MACACO uses a simplified 3-state Markov model to simulate the response of each Ca(2+) channel to different voltage inputs to the cell. In...