bacteria make up about half of the living organisms inside of the rumen. however, they do more than half of the work in the rumen. the bacteria work together. some breakdown certain carbohydrates and proteins which are then used by others. some require certain growth factors, such as b-vitamins, which are made by others. some bacteria help to clean up the rumen of others’ end products, such as ...

extracellular polymeric substances are defined as high molecular weight compounds secreted by the microorganisms in the surrounding area. since these extracellular substances are mainly polysaccharide, they are named exopolysaccharide. microbial exopolysaccharides composed of sugar residue have growing interest as a new class of microbial products which can be used in food, pharmaceutical, and ...

abstract objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic-loaded bone cement in controlling local infection and in regard to its physical characteristics, elastic modulus, and tensile strength in-vitro. methods: acrylic bone cement, based on polymethylmethacrylate (pmma) was mixed with the powder form of three antibiotics, i.e., gentamicin, tobramycin, and cefuroxime ...

Marine microorganisms continue to be a source of structurally and biologically novel compounds with potential use in the biotechnology industry. The unique physiochemical properties of the marine environment (such as pH, pressure, temperature, osmolarity) and uncommon functional groups (such as isonitrile, dichloroimine, isocyanate, and halogenated functional groups) are frequently found in mar...

The Tara Oceans Expedition has provided large, publicly-accessible microbial metagenomic datasets from a circumnavigation of the globe. Utilizing several size fractions from the samples originating in the Mediterranean Sea, we have used current assembly and binning techniques to reconstruct 290 putative draft metagenome-assembled bacterial and archaeal genomes, with an estimated completion of ≥...

Marine biology is a hybrid subject that combines aspects of organismal function, ecological interaction and the study of marine biodiversity.[1] The earliest studies of marine biology can be traced back to the Phoenicians and the Greeks who are known as the initial explorers of the oceans and their composition.[2] However, it was Aristotle (384-322 BC) who was the first to record any observatio...