we investigated the effects of 25 mg-porphyrin-fullerene nanoparticles, ( 25 mgpmc16) smart ferroporphyrin nanoparticles, on pc12 cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion. in order to explore its effect on cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation conditions, the cultures were pretreated with 25 mgpmc16 24 hours prior to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion. to initiate the oxygen...

Deprivation scales derived from multiple, typically dichotomous, indicators, are increasingly being used to measure households’ standards of living, and to complement poverty measures based on low income. We propose a type of multivariate probit model that generalizes the classical measurement model underlying the deprivation scale approach, allowing for heterogeneity and explicitly recognizing...

In the panel's primary focus on the measurement of poverty in the United States, we discuss the rationale for, and the measurement of, a concept of poverty based on the lack of family resources needed to obtain an adequate level of food, clothing, shelter, and a little more. Setting the poverty threshold, we suggest, should be informed by the actual level of expenditure on these commodities by ...

Serious long-term poverty in the United States is more likely to burden those who come from non-Western, collectivist cultures that socialize people modify behavior accordance with demands made by outside group. People these cultural backgrounds conform less easily individualist, inner-directed, and enterprising culture of States.

This paper examines the importance of relative deprivation in Tanzania, a poor African country, using three waves Tanzanian National Panel Survey. We contribute to earlier literature Africa by controlling for time persistent unobservable individual characteristics (panel data) and, most important, two measures satisfaction (life and financial satisfaction), definitions reference group, testing ...

In this paper, we propose a new methodology of multidimensional poverty measurement. Our approach is based on using self-stated responses to household spending priorities. This information is first used to know what the relevant deprivations are. In particular, the stated top priorities allow us to identify the poor. For each household, the deprivations are aggregated according to relative weig...