– Heat and work are fundamental concepts for thermodynamical systems. When these are scaled down to the quantum level they require appropriate embeddings. Here we show that the dependence of the particle spectrum on system size giving rise to a formal definition of pressure can, indeed, be correlated with an external mechanical degree of freedom, modelled as a spatial coordinate of a quantum os...

We introduce the concept of scanning flow-impedance microscopy (SFIM) which is an imaging technique based on hydrodynamics. Using a simple experimental setup including a mass flow controller and a manometer, the operating principle of SFIM is validated under atmospheric pressure and temperature conditions. Experimental results show that the flow impedance strongly depends on the relative distan...

2) The catheter is primed with 2 ml of 0.9% normal saline and catheter port splashed to get rid of excess saline. Next, the catheter is raised vertically at the level of mid-scapula in a sitting patient or approximately 1 foot above the level of insertion in a laterally positioned patient. If the catheter tip is positioned epidurally the fluid column will fall in a manner similar to CVP manometer.

Methods and Materials Pressures are recorded from the internal anal sphincter by a double balloon device tied around a hollow steel cylinder forming two separate compartments (Fig. 1). With both balloons deflated, this device is gently inserted into the anus. The internal balloon is inflated with 10 ml. air through a three-way stopcock and kept inflated by closing the stopcock. The recording de...