Biomolecular reagents that enable the specific molecular recognition of proteins play a crucial role in basic research as well as medicine. Up to now, antibodies (immunoglobulins) have been widely used for this purpose. Their predominant feature is the vast repertoire of antigen-binding sites that arise from a set of 6 hypervariable loops. However, antibodies suffer from practical disadvantages...

We examined how cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) regulates heterogeneous CD4(+) T cell responses by using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a CD4(+) T cell-mediated disease that is subject to regulation by CTLA-4. Disease incidence and severity were used as measures of in vivo CD4(+) T cell responses. The frequency, cytokine production, and reactivity of primed T cells w...

CD80 and CD86 expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells interact with cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 [CTLA-4 (CD152)] expressed on activated T cells and mediate critical T cell inhibitory signals. CD80 and CD86 are type I glycoproteins, and are made up of two extracellular (EC) Ig-like domains-a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tail. The N-terminal (V domain) and membrane-pro...

The cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) molecule on T cells acts to maintain homeostasis by regulating the proliferation of recently activated T cells. Blockade of CTLA-4 by anti-CTLA-4 antibody enhances T cell responses and has elicited significant tumor regression in some cancer patients. Clinical trials are ongoing to investigate the efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 antibody as a cancer therape...

Inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) is a member of CD28/Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) family and broadly expressed in activated CD4(+) T cells and induced regulatory CD4(+) T cells (CD4(+) iTreg). ICOS-related signal pathway could be activated by the interaction between ICOS and its ligand (ICOSL). In our previous work, we established a cost-effective system to generate a novel human all...

Successful immune cell control requires a delicate balance of positive and negative regulatory signals. Costimulatory pathways involving molecules such as CD28, inducible costimulator (ICOS), 4-1BB, and CD40L are essential coactivators of proliferation, cytokine production, and cell migration. To balance these signals, cell surface molecules like Fas, tumor necrosis factorreceptor (TNFR), and p...

Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) expressed at high levels by CD4(+) CD25(+) CD45RB(low) regulatory T cells (Treg) is essential to their homeostatic and immunoregulatory functions. However, its relevance to anti-inflammatory roles of Treg in the context of colitogenic innate immune response during pathogenic bacterial infections has not been examined. We showed earlier in Rag...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Abbreviations: NDV: Newcastle Disease Virus; APMV-1: Avian Paramyxovirus Type I; IFN: Interferon; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Associated Antigen-4; RCC: Renal Cell Carcinoma; HNSCC: Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma; IL-2: Interleukin-2; DTH: Delayed Type Hypersensitivity; Gy: Gray; BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin; HN: Hemagglutinin-Neuraminida...