background: fasciolosis in livestock is a crucial concern in the globe, mainly due to its impact on human health. the aim of this study was to determine the rate of infection with fasciola gigantica (cobbold, 1855) larvae in the field-collected snails of lymnaea auricularia (linnaeus, 1785) from northwestern iran using a molecular approach. methods : a total of 6,759 pond snails were collected ...

The ability to correlate the behaviour of neurones in intact ganglia with events in isolation as has been shown in the leech (Ready & Nicholls, 1979; Fuchs, Nicholls & Ready, 1981), may provide insight into the intrinsic properties of individual neurones. The culture of molluscan neurones is relatively new and the exact procedures for the control of environmental conditions necessary for obtain...

The suitability of neurons of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis as a test system for the neurotoxic side effects of antitumour Vinca alkaloids has been investigated, by studying the process of paracrystal induction by Vinca antitumour agents. Three Vinca alkaloids have been compared: the natural vinblastine and vincristine and the semisynthetic vindesine. They appear to induce two types of...

The degree to which changes in community composition mediate the probability of colonization and spread of non-native species is not well understood, especially in animal communities. High species richness may hinder the establishment of non-native species. Distinguishing between this scenario and cases in which non-native species become established in intact (lacking extensive anthropogenic so...