Before the formation of the Central American Isthmus, there was a Central American Peninsula. Here we show that southern Central America existed as a peninsula as early as 19 Ma, based on new lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and strontium chemostratigraphic analyses of the formations exposed along the Gaillard Cut of the Panama Canal. Land mammals found in the Miocene Cucaracha Formation ha...

A new ichnospecies of the ichnogenus Funalichnus Pokorný is described from the Middle Bhuban Unit, Bhuban Formation, Surma Group (Lower - Middle Miocene) of Aizawl, Mizoram, India. Funalichnus bhubani isp. Nov. Is a large burrow displaying cylindrical segments that are oriented nearly perpendicular to the bedding plane. The new ichnospecies can be identified on the basis of general form, size, ...

This research aims to distinguish the reef environment from non-reef environment. The Oligocene-Miocene-succussion in western Iraq was selected as a case study, represented by reefal limestone facies of Anah Formation (Late Oligocene) deposited reef-back environments, dolomitic Euphrates (Early Miocene) open sea and gypsiferous marly Fatha (Middle lagoonal content rare earth elements (REEs) (La...

a total 7 species and 13 genera of marine gastropod assemblages are reported for the first time from the varehh zard section (asmari formation), north of pole dokhtar, lorestan basin. the section under study, the asmari formation, lies between the shahbazam formation at the base and gachsaran formation at the top. according to the distribution of index foraminifera, the asmari formation is earl...

The E-vergent Northern Apennines formed by Oligocene-Miocene convergence and westward subduction of Adria beneath Europe. Extension ensued in the Mid-Late Miocene reflecting lower plate roll-back causing opening back-arc Tyrrhenian Sea. Post-orogenic extension is commonly advocated as main driver exhumation belt's inner domain high-pressure/low-temperature (HP-LT) rock units. Acquadolce Subunit...