This paper demonstrates a method to how reserve capacity and cost allocation could be determined in a pool-based and disaggregated market model. The method considers both the spinning reserve and interruptible loads as the operating reserve services. In the proposed market, generators and consumers (including participation of interruptible loads) submit offers and bids to the independent system...

In spoken French, the phonological processes of liaison and resyllabification can render word and syllable boundaries ambiguous (e.g. un air ‘an air’ / un nerf ‘a nerve’, both [ɛ ̃.nɛʁ]). Production data have demonstrated that speakers of French vary the duration of consonants that surface in liaison environments relative to consonants produced word-initially (WauquierGravelines 1996; Spinelli e...