Visual attention can be allocated to either a location or an object, named location- or object-based attention, respectively. Despite the burgeoning evidence in support of the existence of two kinds of attention, little is known about their underlying mechanisms in terms of whether they are achieved by enhancing signal strength or excluding external noises. We adopted the noise-masking paradigm...

DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are the most dangerous form of DNA damage and need to be repaired efficiently in order to maintain genomic stability. The kinase ATM becomes activated upon recognition of DSBs and transduces this into cell cycle checkpoint activation and DNA repair. There are two main pathways by which DSBs can be repaired: Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombi...

In all scientific disciplines there are multiple competing and complementary theories that have been, and are being, developed. There are also observational data about which the theories can potentially make predictions. To enable semantic inter-operation between the data and the theories, we need ontologies to define the vocabulary used in them. For example, in the domain of minerals explorati...

At the request of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), non-anatomic (non-TNM) classifications were evaluated and important classifications incorporated into staging recommendations for oesophageal cancer in the 7th edition of the Cancer Staging Manual [1]. Cancer location, histopathological cell type and histological grade were demonstrated to enhance cancer staging [2]. Adenocarcinom...

Antibiotic resistance surveys are published widely, citing percentage resistance rates, sometimes for vast transcontinental regions. Such data seem straightforward, but when one drills deeper, great complexity emerges. Rates for methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus from bacteraemias vary from <1% to 50% among European countries, and vary greatly among both hospitals and hospital u...

Recent studies have shown that many proteins that regulate planar polarity in the fly eye are organized into discrete membrane sites which may be crucial for coordinating groups of cells.