We define a new type of spectrum, called δ-approximate spectrum, of an element a in a complex unital Banach algebra A and show that the δ-approximate spectrum σ_δ (a) of a is compact. The relation between the δ-approximate spectrum and the usual spectrum is investigated. Also an analogue of the classical Gleason-Kahane-Zelazko theorem is established: For each ε>0, there is δ>0 such that if ϕ is...

one of the main principles of resistance economy, is to support domestic production and limiting imports, especially in sectors where there is the possibility of import-substituting production .this requires adjustment of exact trade policies,and to achieve this, identifying the structure of imports demand function and also price and income elasticity of import demand is necessary.this necessit...

We propose an oligopoly game where quantity setting firms have incomplete information about the demand function. At each time step they solve a profit maximization problem assuming a linear demand function and ignoring the effects of the competitors’ outputs. Despite such a rough approximation, that we call “Local Monopolistic Approximation” (LMA), the repeated game may converge at a Nash equil...

after the classification of the flag-transitive linear spaces, the attention has been turned to line-transitive linear spaces. in this article, we present a partial classification of the finite linear spaces $mathcal s$ on which an almost simple group $g$ with the socle $g_2(q)$ acts line-transitively.

stochastic approach to vehicle routing problem: development and theories abstract in this article, a chance constrained (ccp) formulation of the vehicle routing problem (vrp) is proposed. the reality is that once we convert some special form of probabilistic constraint into their equivalent deterministic form then a nonlinear constraint generates. knowing that reliable computer software for lar...