The activity of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a key mechanism in mesolimbic reward processing that has modulatory effects on different diencephalic structures like hippocampus (HIP), and receives inhibitory feedback and excitatory feed forward control. In addition, within the hippocampus, DA receptors are mostly located in the dorsal part (CA1) and dopa...

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important pathogen recognition receptor that recognizes mainly lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria, but also structures from fungal and mycobacterial pathogens, as well as endogenous ligands. Two nonsynonymous polymorphisms of TLR4, Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile, have been suggested to alter the function of the receptor. Some, but not all, studies have...

The activity of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a key mechanism in mesolimbic reward processing that has modulatory effects on different diencephalic structures like hippocampus (HIP), and receives inhibitory feedback and excitatory feed forward control. In addition, within the hippocampus, DA receptors are mostly located in the dorsal part (CA1) and dopa...

Abstract Background To investigate the relationship between levels of serum adipokine retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and essential hypertension as well to explore role mechanism RBP4-induced activation renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in adipocyte. Methods From December 2016 March 2019, 96 hypertensive patients without treatment 64 healthy nonhypertensive subjects were recruited. The difference...

Vechur cattle, an indigenous breed of Kerala and it is the smallest cattle in world. They are highly disease resistant. The occurrence mastitis very Rare this as compared to crossbred cattle. Rearing these more cost effective they require less feed. Therefore, characterisation factors involved immune system breeds might provide insight into mechanisms variation resistance. Toll-like receptors (...

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling has been implicated in the inflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Such inflammatory signals mediate complex interactions between commensal bacteria and TLRs and are required for IEC proliferation, immune response, repair, and homeostasis. The upregulation of certain TLRs in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues suggests that TLRs may play an e...

the insulin-like growth factor i receptor (igf-ir) plays an essential role in the establishment and maintenance of transformed phenotype. interference with the igf-ir pathway by antisense causes reversal of the transformed phenotype in many rodent and human tumor cell lines. we stably transfected the pc-3 human prostate cancer cell line with an igf-ir antisense rna expression plasmid. the numbe...

background: the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is complex and multifactorial. studies have led to the current concept that toll-like receptors represent key mediators of innate host defense in the intestine, and they are involved in maintaining mucosal as well as commensal homeostasis. we studied the possibility of simvastatin and antagonist of receptors of interleukin-1 for pharmac...