In this paper, a bi-objective model is proposed for designing a pre-positioning network of pharmaceutical supplies considering their limited shelf-life. The presented model aims to consider both cost efficiency and responsiveness by minimization of total cost and the maximum amount of unmet demand under uncertainties in demand and supply sides’ data. Moreover, for effective distribution of reli...

OBJECTIVE To examine health care use and expenditures by Brazilians covered by private health care plans in the last four years of life. METHODS Health plan provider enrollee files and death certificate data were used for 274 health plan beneficiaries who died in 1998, 1999, and 2000. Resources used for a beneficiary in the year of death and in the three years prior to death were identified. ...

Despite its direct relevance to second/foreign language learning, quality of life has been a neglected area within Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research. The present study sought to investigate the relationship between quality of life factors and speaking skill as one of the most challenging parts of L2 learning. To this end, an adapted version of life quality questionnaire originally devi...

Reproductive health services are crucial for maternal and child health, but universal health coverage is still not within reach in most societies. Ethiopia's goal of universal health coverage promises access to all necessary services for everyone while providing protection against financial risk. When moving towards universal health coverage, health plans and policies require contextualized kno...

This study examines the parameters crucial to cost-effectiveness of universal hepatitis B immunization in India. An incremental cost-effectiveness analysis was done using a decision tree (Markov model) to follow up a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 newborns for the effects of hepatitis B acquired vertically at birth. The measure of effectiveness was disability-adjusted life-years gained. Uncerta...

There will be significant changes in the demography of persons with Private Health Insurance (PHI). Two methods of projecting PHI coverage are discussed in this paper. The first assumes the only factors affecting PHI coverage are demographic change and mortality and facilitates comparisons between actual and projected PHI coverage. The second projects the percentage of the population insured in...

BACKGROUND Historically, complication rates after pressure ulcer reconstruction utilizing flap coverage have been high. Patients undergoing operations for pressure ulcer coverage typically have multiple risk factors for postoperative complications. The purpose of this study was to examine a large patient series in the pressure ulcer population to uncover objective evidence of the linkage betwee...

the aim of this study was to survey four fundamental effective factors in sport sponsorship decision making. for this purpose, viewpoints of 30 experts and active individuals in sport sponsorship such as managers of sponsor corporations, authorities of sport federations and clubs were analyzed. the method of this research was qualitative and explorative and was performed through interviews. the...

aim and background: it is estimated that coronary heart diseases (chd) will be the major cause of mortality by the year 2020. the traditional factors such as age, genetics, smoking and obesity, account only half of the variance in chd.  therefore, regarding increasing concern about the psychosocial factors, the purpose of present study was to evaluate the role of personality, stress and social ...