Endozoochory plays a prominent role for the dispersal of seed plants. However, for most other plant taxa it is not known whether this mode of dispersal occurs at all. Among those other taxa, lichens as symbiotic associations of algae and fungi are peculiar as their successful dispersal requires movement of propagules that leaves the symbiosis functional. However, the potential for endozoochorou...

INTRODUCTION Lichen planus is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune skin condition that can affect the skin, mucosal surfaces, and nails. Mucosal lichen planus might occur in conjunction with or without cutaneous involvement. Current treatment options include both topical and systemic medications. Tacrolimus (FK-506 or fujimycin) is a macrolide immunosuppressant that inhibits calcineurin. Topical...

Lichen planus is a papulosquamous disorder of skin. Genital lichen planus is self limiting disease that resolves without any consequences. Although Lichen planus may coexist with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, such association in genitalia is not reported so far. We report a case of a forty years old man, presented with a papulosquamous lesion over the prepuce four years back and then he subse...

We describe a fifty-six-year old, Afro-descendent female patient showing dystrophy of her twenty nails and hyperchromic, asymptomatic macule on her face. Histopathological examination of the macule showed vacuolization of the basal layer, melanophages in the superficial dermis and lymphoplasmocytic inflammatory infiltrate. Nail biopsy revealed orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis and lichenoid inflamm...

A number of genetic, congenital and acquired dermatoses have been known to follow Blaschko's lines. A common disorder like lichen planus can very rarely present with pruritic lesions in atypical patterns such as unilateral distribution, painful eruptions and along Blaschko's lines. Various triggering factors varying from viral infections and vaccinations to trauma have been implicated in lichen...

Background: Lichenoid disorders are often difficult to diagnose clinically. Dermoscopy can act as an alternative technique to skin biopsy for diagnosis of various lichenoid dermatoses. Study aim: To study the correlation of dermoscopic with histopathological findings in various lichenoid dermatoses Methods: Fifty patients with clinical picture of lichenoid dermatoses were examined first under t...

1. Tilly JJ, Drolet BA, Esterly NB. Lichenoid eruptions in children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51:606-24. 2. Aloi F, Solaroli C, Pippione M. Diffuse and bilateral lichen striatus. Pediatr Dermatol. 1997;14:36-8. 3. Mittal R, Khaitan BK, Ramam M, Verma KK, Manchanda M. Multiple lichen striatus-An unusual presentation. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2001;67:204. 4. Peramiquel L, Baselga E, Dal...

Background: Oral lichen planus is a potentially malignant disorder. One of the malignant transformation markers is cancer stem cells. One of the proposed marker for the detection of cancer stem cells's in head and neck cancer is aldehyde dehydrogenase. Recently it is shown that aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 expression in tissue samples is associated with oral lichen planus malignant transformation. ...

Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects skin, mucous membranes, hairs, and nails. According to the site of involvement, lichen planus can be subdivided into palmoplantar, mucosal, nail, or scalp types. Palmoplantar lichen planus is a rare subtype of lichen planus which may create difficulty in diagnosis, as the lesion is limited to the palms and soles. We report a case of a...

Lichen planus pigmentosus-inversus is a rare variant of lichen planus pigmentosus. The eruption of lichen planus pigmentosus-inversus occurs mainly in the flexural regions and presents with brownish macules and patches. Here we describe the case of a 31-year-old Korean woman who presented with hyperpigmented lesions over her antecubital and popliteal area and groin. Physical examination reveale...