Abstract Simulating lattice gauge theory (LGT) Hamiltonian and its nontrivial states by programmable quantum devices has attracted numerous attention in recent years. Rydberg atom arrays constitute one of the most rapidly developing arenas for simulation computing. The $${{\mathbb{Z}}}_{2}$$ Z </mml...

BACKGROUND The genome of Leishmania major harbours a comparably high proportion of genes of prokaryote origin, acquired by lateral gene transfer (LGT). Some of these are present in closely related trypanosomatids, while some are detected in Leishmania only. We have evaluated the impact and destiny of LGT in genus Leishmania. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To study the dynamics and fate of LGT...

The genomes of free-living bacteria frequently exchange genes via lateral gene transfer (LGT), which has played a major role in bacterial evolution. LGT also played a significant role in the acquisition of genes from non-cyanobacterial bacteria to the lineage of "primary" algae and land plants. Small GTPases are widely distributed among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In this study, we inferred the...

GerD of Bacillus subtilis is a protein essential for normal spore germination with either L-alanine or a mixture of L-asparagine, D-glucose, D-fructose, and potassium ions. GerD's amino acid sequence suggests that it may be a lipoprotein, indicating a likely location in a membrane. Location in the spore's outer membrane seems unlikely, since removal of this membrane does not result in a gerD sp...

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted infection, gonorrhea, has developed resistance to most conventional antibiotics. Safe and effective vaccines against gonorrhea are needed urgently. A candidate vaccine that targets a lipooligosaccharide (LOS) epitope recognized mAb 2C7 attenuates gonococcal burden in the mouse vaginal colonization model. Glycan extensions fr...

In the dual formulation of d=3 SU(2) LGT, the link variables are group representations and valid configurations are those satisfying a number of triangle inequalities. In [1] algorithms for local updates that automatically respect these constraints were described. It was also pointed out there that these local updates were not ergodic. In this presentation, we describe two different quasi-local...

A systematic procedure is presented for connecting short to long scales in LGT. Approximate decimations are used which can provide both upper and lower bounds on the partition function. Its exact value is then obtained by interpolation between the bounds. By iterating the procedure representations of the partition function as well as other physical quantities can be obtained on progressively co...

We present the general framework and building blocks of a recent derivation of the fact that the SU(2) LGT is in a confining phase for all values of the coupling 0 < β < ∞, for space-time dimension d ≤ 4. The method employs approximate but explicitly computable RG decimations that are shown to constrain the exact partition function and order parameters from above and below, and flow from the we...

We study approximate decimations in SU(N) LGT that connect the short to long distance regimes. Simple ‘bond-moving’ decimations turn out to provide both upper and lower bounds on the exact partition function. This leads to a representation of the exact partition function in terms of successive decimations whose effective couplings flows are related to those of the easily computable bond-moving ...