[3, 4] . Subsequent work has shown that in appropriately selected cases a distal margin of 10 mm does not increase the local recurrence rate or compromise survival [5] . The lower rectal and anorectal anatomy provides a challenge both from a staging and therapeutic standpoint in rectal cancer. In low rectal cancer (defined as the area below the insertion of the levator muscle), the mesorectal v...

Studies were performed on the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, isolated from foetuses aged 17 to 30 weeks. The number of muscle spindles varied from 2 in the 17th week to 7 in the 30th week. The length of the muscle spindles ranged from 20 to 500 microm, and the diameter varied from 10 to 70 microm. These observations show that the number of muscle spindles in levator palpebrae superioris m...

Extraocular muscles are characterized by their faster rates of contraction and their higher resistance to fatigue relative to limb skeletal muscles. Another often reported characteristic of extraocular muscles is that they generate lower specific forces (sP(o), force per muscle cross-sectional area, kN/m(2)) than limb skeletal muscles. To investigate this perplexing issue, the isometric contrac...

PURPOSE Many surgical techniques have been developed to address eyelid retraction with varying results. Identifying and evaluating the anatomical and pathophysiological factors involved will assist in its surgical treatment. This prospective study evaluated the graded levator hinge procedure, in combination with a Müllerectomy and/or lateral canthoplasty when indicated, in an attempt to precise...

Thirteen patients who had ptosis surgery undertaken for disinsertion of the aponeurosis of the levator palpebrae superioris were reviewed. Pre-operatively all the patients had characteristic clinical signs of levator disinsertion which was confirmed at surgery and corrected by reposition of the disinserted aponeurosis. Five of these patients were initially mistakenly diagnosed as having a neuro...

Posterior approach blepharoptosis surgery, via the transconjunctival route, was probably the first method of surgery employed to shorten the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) muscle. A review of the literature demonstrates how surgery has evolved since Blaskovics' first described his technique in 1923. We describe our newer method of posterior approach white-line advancement blepharoptosis rep...

Resume — A muscle-driven model of human lower face was established. Three pairs of facial mimic muscles (ZM Zygomaticus Major, LLS Levator Labii Superioris, LAO Levator Anguli Oris), subcutaneous soft tissues, skin and skull were reconstructed based on segmentation of subject-specific MRI data. FE simulation were performed to reproduce designed facial mimic positions (e.g. pronunciation of soun...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results and complications of early surgical resection of large amblyogenic subdermal eyelid hemangiomas in infants after prior short-term parenteral administration of corticosteroids. METHODS Sixteen infants were given dexamethasone 2 mg/kg/day in two divided doses for three consecutive days prior to scheduled surgical excision of large...