[1] This paper investigates the influence of cloud model statistics on the accuracy of statistical multiple-frequency liquid water path (LWP) retrievals for a ground-based microwave radiometer. Statistical algorithms were developed from a radiosonde data set in which clouds were modeled by using a relative humidity threshold and a modified adiabatic assumption. Evaluation of the algorithms was ...

Terminal drought during the reproductive stage is a major constraint to yield of chickpea in many regions of the world. Termination of watering (WS) during podding in a small-seeded desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar, Rupali, and a large-seeded kabuli chickpea cultivar, Almaz, induced a decrease in predawn leaf water potential (LWP), in the rate of photosynthesis, and in stomatal condu...

Veins are the main irrigation system of the leaf lamina and an understanding of the hydraulic architecture of the vein networks is essential for understanding leaf function. However, determination of leaf hydraulic parameters is challenging, because for most leaves the vein system is reticulate, contains a hierarchy of different vein sizes, and consists of leaky conduits. We present a new appro...

the anatomical and epidermal characteristics, as well as the physiological response, of 'colombia' ecotype cape gooseberry plants treated or untreated with foliar applications of kaolin at 2 irrigation levels (well-irrigated plants vs. water-stressed plants) were evaluated. relative water content (rwc), stomatal density, and chlorophyll index were reduced under water stress. water stress increa...

Leaf water potentials were estimated from the sum of the balancing pressure measured with a pressure chamber and the osmotic potential of the xylem sap in leafy shoots or leaves. When leaf water potentials in yew, rhododendron, and sunflower were compared with those measured with a thermocouple psychrometer known to indicate accurate values of leaf water potential, determinations were within +/...

Aerosol indirect effects are the most uncertain of the climate forcing mechanisms that have operated through the industrial period. Several studies have demonstrated modifications of cloud properties due to aerosols and corresponding changes in shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes under specific cloud conditions, but some recent studies have indicated that cloud dynamical processes such as e...

Water deÞcit and shade stress in weed-infested crops could alter plant growth and biochemistry and feeding and oviposition by the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exiguaHübner. Palmer amaranthpigweed,Amaranthus palmeriS.Wats.,was grownunder 25%of fullwatering(waterdeÞcit), 30% of full light (shade), or combined stress. All treatments decreased plant height andweight. Shade and combined stresses decrea...

Water stress causes defoliation, which can reduce yield and root quality of sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) through altered gas exchange characteristics of the leaves. In a two-year experiment, three sugar beet cultivars (Europa, Rival and Corsica) were subjected to three defoliation levels (control-C, moderate-MD, severe-SD) and re-watering after their exposition to drought for a month. Leaf ph...

Responses of leaf water relations and photosynthesis to summer drought and autumn rewetting were studied in two evergreen Mediterranean oak species, Quercus ilex spp. rotundifolia and Quercus suber. The predawn leaf water potential (Ψ(lPD)), stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthetic rate (A) at ambient conditions were measured seasonally over a 3-year period. We also measured the photosynthe...

The Arctic radiation balance is strongly affected by clouds and surface albedo. Prior work has identified Arctic cloud liquid water path (LWP) and surface radiative flux biases in the CommunityAtmosphereModel, version 5 (CAM5), and reductions to these biases with improved mixed-phase ice nucleation schemes. Here, CAM5 net top-of-atmosphere (TOA) Arctic radiative flux biases are quantified along...