This paper describes the use of phonological knowledge to enhance current audio word spotting technology based on Hidden Markov Model. It reports on the result of an word-spotting experiment done on an audio data recorded from a live conference. The result of the experiment demonstrates the positive contribution of phonological knowledge towards audio word-spotting.

BACKGROUND The recent outbreak of bluetongue virus in northern Europe has led to an urgent need to identify control measures for the Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges that transmit it. Following successful use of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae against larval stages of biting midge Culicoides nubeculosus Meigen, we investigated the efficacy of this strain an...

The barley leaf rust fungus forms appressoria over host leaf stomata and penetrates via the stomatal pore. High levels of avoidance to leaf rust fungi have been described in some wild accessions of Hordeum species where a prominent wax layer on the stomata inhibits triggering of fungal appressorium differentiation. Leaf rust avoidance has not yet been found in H. vulgare. Since cuticular leaf w...

Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh is one of the hardwood species indigenous to Taiwan that possesses significant antifungal activity. To examine the antifungal activity of leaf essential oils and dominant constituents from C. osmophloeum, the essential oils of leaves from three clones (A, B, and C) collected from Haw-Lin experimental forest were extracted and their components analyzed by gas chromat...

The effects of three Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) species (Glomus versiforme, Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Rhizophagus intraradices) were studied on the growth parameters and nutrient uptake of three apple rootstocks (M.9, M.7 and MM.106). The soil medium contained a high level of calcium carbonate (38.65%). The results showed that AMF inoculation could increase almost all growth parame...

To study the effect of chemical and biological fertilizers on growth and essential oil content of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), the present work was conducted in 2012-2013 at the experimental field of Alborz Research Station of the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Karaj, Iran. The experiment was conducted in factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design wit...

The fern flora of the world (Pteridophyta) has direct evolutionary links with the earliest vascular plants that appeared in the late Devonian. Knowing the mycobiota associated to this group of plants is critical for a full understanding of the Fungi. Nevertheless, perhaps because of the minor economic significance of ferns, this niche remains relatively neglected by mycologists. Cercosporoid fu...