Australia, like all polio-free countries and regions, remains at risk of a wild poliovirus importation until polio is eradicated globally. The most probable route of importation will be through a traveller arriving in Australia either by air or sea from a polio-endemic or re-infected country. While the overall risk of an imported wild poliovirus infection leading to transmission within Australi...

Poliovirus importations into polio-free countries represent a major concern during the final phases of global eradication of wild polioviruses (WPVs). We extend dynamic transmission models to demonstrate the dynamics of population immunity out through 2020 for three countries that only used inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) for routine immunization: the US, Israel, and The Netherlands. For e...

the exportation of modern novel from european languages to other literatures has long been the object of study and has been, most recently, evoked in discussions of world literature. the introduction of modern novel into the persian literary system through translation occurred about the turn of the twentieth century. the genre was unprecedented in persian and the concept of adabiyat was specifi...

With the entry into force of new Law Ukraine "On Copyright and Related Rights", legal regulation protection copyright/related rights has been significantly updated. The theoretical applied problems in event a threat their violation are investigated. In 1993 committing actions that create infringement was also recognized as one types violation, without specifying such actions. Unlike Law, define...

OBJECTIVE Policies that promote research in health were established in the last decade, developing the Brazilian scientific production. This development has not been accompanied by an improvement in the legal-institutional framework, thus hindering the development of research projects, including equipment importation activities. The present study aimed to analyze the equipment importation proce...

Surveillance systems of contagious diseases record information on cases to monitor incidence of disease and to evaluate effectiveness of interventions. These systems focus on a well-defined population; a key question is whether observed cases are infected through local transmission within the population or whether cases are the result of importation of infection into the population. Local sprea...

BACKGROUND A number of strategies exist to reduce Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) transmission. We conducted an economic evaluation of "bundling" these strategies together. METHODS We constructed an agent-based computer simulation of nosocomial C. difficile transmission and infection in a hospital setting. This model included the following components: interactions between patients and he...

To the Editor: Since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched in 1988, indigenous transmission of wild poliovirus (WPV) has been interrupted in all countries except Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria (1). However, during 2003–2011, outbreaks resulting from importation of WPV occurred in 29 previously polio-free countries in Africa, including Central African Republic (CAR) (1–3). In ...

Studies in comparative penology still lack English writings about penal cultures non-Anglo-European countries, particularly those that steer their focus away from imprisonment. This article fills this gap by giving accounts of control Thailand and how its criminal justice practices differ the Western models which they were inspired. Although quite similar forms, Thai court routines diverge West...