The first experiment showing the effects of specific interaction forces using lateral force microscopy (LFM) was demonstrated for lectin-carbohydrate interactions some years ago. Such measurements are possible under the assumption that specific forces strongly dominate over the non-specific ones. However, obtaining quantitative results requires the complex and tedious calibration of a torsional...

Forces generated by goldfish keratocytes and Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts have been measured with nanonewton precision and submicrometer spatial resolution. Differential interference contrast microscopy was used to visualize deformations produced by traction forces in elastic substrata, and interference reflection microscopy revealed sites of cell-substratum adhesions. Force ranged from a few nanonewt...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine limb-dominance and gender differences in the magnitude of the ground reaction force during single-leg lateral jump-landings. We hypothesized that the peak ground reaction force would be larger in the non-dominant leg compared to that in the dominant leg and would be larger in females compared to that in men. [Subjects and Methods] Fifteen femal...

STUDY DESIGN Experimental repeated-measures study. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of different extension forces applied to the palm of the hand on electromyographic (EMG) activity of the wrist extensor muscles during hand gripping. BACKGROUND Lateral epicondylitis is usually caused by repetitive wrist extension that leads to an overuse injury. The current theory is that the process of ...

Deformation of a fluid interface caused by the presence of objects at the interface can lead to large lateral forces between objects. We explore these fluid-mediated attractive force between partially submerged vertical cylinders. Forces are experimentally measured by slowly separating cylinder pairs and cylinder triplets after capillary rise is initially established for cylinders in contact. F...

BACKGROUND Anterior knee pain is often associated with patellar maltracking and instability. However, objective measurement of patellar stability under clinical and experimental conditions is difficult, and muscular activity influences the results. In the present study, a new experimental setting for in vitro measurement of patellar stability was developed and the mediolateral force-displacemen...