Temporally extended goals are used in planning to express safety and maintenance conditions. Linear temporal logic is the language often used to express temporally extended goals. We present a method for compiling LTL goal formulas into Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL), which is handled by many AI planners. The compilation process first constructs a finite state machine representing a...

A striking puzzle about language use in everyday conversation is that turn-taking latencies are usually very short, whereas planning language production takes much longer. This implies overlap between language comprehension and production processes, but the nature and extent of such overlap has never been studied directly. Combining an interactive quiz paradigm with EEG measurements in an innov...

Foreign language education planning (FLEP) has been caught in the political turmoil and hustle of ongoing economic reform in the People’s Republic of China for several decades. This paper situates a recurring instrumentalist discourse of FLEP in China in the underlying language ideologies and historical contexts from 1949 to present day. Utilizing Cooper’s (1989) guiding question of “who makes ...

In order to make planning technology more accessible and usable the planning community may have to adopt standard notations for embodying symbolic models of planning domains. In this paper it is argued that before we design such languages for planning we must be able to evaluate their quality. In other words, we must clear for what purpose the languages are to be used, and by what criteria the ...

In order to make planning technology more accessible and usable the planning community may have to adopt standard notations for embodying symbolic models of planning domains. In this paper it is argued that before we design such languages for planning we must be able to evaluate their quality. In other words, we must clear for what purpose the languages are to be used, and by what criteria the ...

Widely hailed as an educational success story, Singapore, a multilingual island nation in Southeast Asia, embraces an officially bilingual education policy. English is the medium of all content-area education from the start of schooling, with students’ official “mother tongue” required as a single subject. Although called the student’s “mother tongue,” these languages may not be the student’s h...