Knowledge of the mechanism of human skin colour and measurement of melanin and blood concentration in human skin are needed in the medical and cosmetic fields. The absorbance spectrum from reflectance at the visible wavelength of human skin increases under several conditions such as a sunburn or scalding. The change of the absorbance spectrum from reflectance including the scattering effect doe...

Measurement of melanin and blood concentration in human skin is needed in the medical and the cosmetic fields because human skin colour is mainly determined by the colours of melanin and blood. It is difficult to measure these concentrations in human skin because skin has a multi-layered structure and scatters light strongly throughout the visible spectrum. The Monte Carlo simulation currently ...

Spectrophotometric or colorimetric data are normally obtained in some type of photometric unit and must be dealt with mathematically to provide a final result expressedin concentration. Such mathematical operationsare time-consuming, require data transfer, and are subject to human error. A photometric systemhas been devised which can be adjusted to perform calculations automatically and provide...

A method for obtaining accurate, quantitative 57Fe Mössbauer spectra from biological samples is illustrated stepwise in a data reduction procedure. Exact criteria are presented for deciding when it is necessary to account for the effects of the Beer-Lambert law in the Mössbauer spectra from biological samples. This procedure makes extensive use of the fast Fourier transform and other computer t...

The validity of any method for determining the concentration of a colored substance by measuring its absorption of monochromatic light depends upon the ability of that substance to obey certain physical laws. In our discussion of the spectrophotometric determination of oxyhemoglobin and certain of its derivatives (Ray, Blair, and Thomas, 1932) it was assumed that these substances obeyed such fu...

Ambient temperature is known to affect the emission spectrum of a light-emitting diode (LED). This study has investigated the effect of changes in ambient temperature on the emission spectra of two LED with peak emission wavelengths similar to those used in pulse oximetry. There was a 5.5-nm increase in the peak wavelength for a 660-nm LED, and a 7.8-nm increase in the peak wavelength for a 950...

in this paper a new guidance technique for ballistic missiles and launch vehicles is proposed. generally the lambert guidance is used to generate missile nominal (correlated) parameters through powered flight to put it in a ballistic flight path. because of uncertainties and undesired factors, the nominal position and velocity obtained by lambert technique need to be followed in actual flight. ...

The Lambert W function dates back to Euler’s time and despite offering solutions to many operations management problems it is still relatively unknown. This may be due to the fact that it is only incorporated into specialist mathematical software and is not generally available in common spreadsheet applications. This obscurity is rather unfortunate as it is relatively easy to use when the signi...