The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, coupled to a GIS, was applied to the Naivasha basin in Kenya, a closed basin experiencing diverse climatic conditions from semi arid to humid, comprises with the only fresh water lake in the grate rift valley. The intent of this study was to estimates the lake water level fluctuations by integrating the SWAT with a water balance model, estimating...

introduction in spite of its short time period compared with the earth long evolution history, quaternary has had a significant effect on the final formation of the landforms and vital resources. it is the final analysis of these levels and fully dependent on the earth genetic diseases and, above all, significant climate changes that have happened during this period. gavkhouni basin morphologic...

Although most of forested watersheds in temperate and boreal regions are snow-covered for a substantial portion of the year, responses of biogeochemical processes under the snow pack to climatic fluctuations are poorly understood. We investigated responses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and surface water chemistry in stream and lake discharge waters draining the Arbutus Lake Watershed in the...

The cichlid species flocks of the great East African lakes represent the most diverse assemblages of freshn'ater fishes in the world. Lake Tanganyika is by far the oldest of the three major East African rift lakes with an estimated age of about 9 to 12 million years (Cohen et al., 1993). Its geological history is relatively well known (reviewed in Tiercelin and Mondeguer, \997). The lake is for...

Although only relatively few freshwater invertebrate families are reported from the Tibetan Plateau, the degree of endemism may be high. Many endemic lineages occur within permafrost areas, raising questions about the existence of isolated intra-plateau glacial refugia. Moreover, if such refugia existed, it might be instructive to learn whether they were associated with lakes or with more dynam...