Studies that have measured pragmatic fluency in the form of planning time and speech rate, as indicators processing ability, confirmed learners’ ability knowledge are independent from each other. The present study is a longitudinal, developmental investigation which investigates whether abroad stay (SA) has an effect on overall appropriateness, rate high low imposition situations ten L2 Japanes...

Accomplishing a communication task in the real world requires ability not only to do per se but also manage aspects of context which it occurs. For this reason, simulations target language use contexts have been incorporated into design communicative tests as way enhancing authenticity assessment performance. Although some contextual factors may increase extraneous cognitive load and distract l...

Abstract RAN (Rapid Automatized Naming) is known to be a robust predictor of reading development in different languages. Much less about predictive power bilingual contexts. This the first meta-analysis research with children, assessing strength RAN-reading relationship both within and across It also explored moderators that may affect this relationship. The search identified 38 published studi...

There has been a growing realization of the importance of authentic human interactions attendant to both first and second language learning. By contrast to L1 learners, the older L2 learner faces a greatly changed learning environment and more adult-oriented communicative opportunities, and must overcome loss of aural sensitivity and limited exposure to the prosodic systems of expressiveness ap...

The primary goal was to expand our understanding of text reading fluency (efficiency or automaticity)-how its relation to other constructs (e.g., word reading fluency and reading comprehension) changes over time and how it is different from word reading fluency and reading comprehension. We examined (1) developmentally changing relations among word reading fluency, listening comprehension, text...

to enrich our understanding of the attitudinal/motivational basis of foreign language learning at junior high school level, this study investigated the students’ status of l2 motivation, the relationship between motivational factors, and the possibility of predicting their motivated learning behavior in light of dörnyei’s (2005, 2009) theory of l2 motivational self system. to this end, 1462 jun...

research on multiword clusters (chunks) is based on the assumption that native speakers use plenty of chunks in their everyday language and they are considered as fluent speakers of language. therefore the present study was an attempt to investigate the impact of using chunks on speaking fluency of iranian efl learners. in the first phase of the study, the students of two intermediate classes s...

The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between reading fluency, writing speaking comprehension, and vocabulary. A correlational survey method was used in research. data for were collected 2018-2019 academic year. total 94 5th grade students from 9 different schools, 8 state schools 1 private school, city center Kars formed group socioeconomic levels homogeneous. According results...

1. Cluttering is a fluency disorder characterized by a rate that is perceived to be abnormally rapid, irregular, or both for the speaker, and... a. This rate problem causes one or more of the following: b. An excessive number of disfluencies c. The frequent placement of pauses and odd prosodic patterns d. Inappropriate/excessive degree of coarticulation, especially in multisyllabic words e. (St...

To investigate the effect of concurrent instruction in Dutch and English on reading acquisition in both languages, 23 pupils were selected from a school with bilingual education, and 23 from a school with education in Dutch only. The pupils had a Dutch majority language background and were comparable with regard to social-economic status (SES). Reading and vocabulary were measured twice within ...