This paper reports on a preliminary study on second language (L2) learners’ interlanguage pragmatic (ILP) development in academic written discourse by examining how epistemic modality is used by non-native speaker (NNS) writers compared with NS writers in both native speaker (NS) and NNS corpus data. This study also investigates how NNS writers gradually develop interlanguage pragmatic competen...

In this paper a sequence of model transformation languages L0, L1, L2 is defined. The first language L0 is very simple, and for this language it is easy to build an efficient compiler to C++. The next language L1 is an extension of L0, and it contains powerful pattern definition facilities. The last language L2 is of sufficiently high level and can be used for implementation of traditional patt...

The authors examine the degree to which first (L1) and second language (L2) speakers of English are able to distinguish between simplified or authentic reading texts from L2 instructional books and whether L1 and L2 speakers differ in their ability to process linguistic cues related to this distinction. These human judgments are also compared to computational judgments which are based on indice...

Type 1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptors mediate widespread synaptic plasticity, but how this contributes to systems-level plasticity and development in vivo is unclear. We tested whether CB1 signaling is required for development and plasticity of the whisker map in rat somatosensory cortex. Treatment with the CB1 antagonist AM251 during an early critical period for layer (L) 2/3 development (beginni...

Structure building in language acquisition involves the adding of successive nodes in a hierarchical structure; its application is seen in the realm of syntax for both L1 (e.g. Clahsen, Penke & Parodi, 1993; Vainikka, 1993) and L2 acquisition (e.g. Vainikka & Young-Scholten, 1994, 1996), and to some extent within phonology as well (Brown, 1997). Although researchers in morphological theory argu...

L2 ASD Learners’ Scaffolding Development after Long Interaction with The Mobile Story-Sharing Application

This paper reports on the development and piloting of an adaptive, online placement exam that will be administered to L2 and heritage learners of Spanish at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Particular attention is given to the structure of the exam and the linguistic strategies employed to distinguish heritage speakers from L2 learners. Results obtained from three pilot phases are present...

The larval feeding requirements and biology of the generalist predatory muscid hunter fly Coenosia attenuata Stein 1903 (Diptera: Muscidae) were investigated at 25 degrees C. Larval C. attenuata were fed second-, third, and fourth-instar (L2, L3, and L4) larvae of the fungus gnat Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen) (Diptera: Sciaridae) at variable rates to determine minimum and optimum numbers of th...

This study explored perceptual development on the identification of word-final vowel length in L2 Japanese in terms of boundary location and width. Native speakers of Chinese (NC) and Japanese (NJ) participated in the study. The NC were further classified into two, NC-higher or NC-lower. NC-lower demonstrated wider boundary width and greater boundary location than the other two did, but NJ and ...

Lotus root is a popular wetland vegetable which produces edible rhizome. At the molecular level, the regulation of rhizome formation is very complex, which has not been sufficiently addressed in research. In this study, to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in lotus root, four libraries (L1 library: stolon stage, L2 library: initial swelling stage, L3 library: middle swelling stage,...