The purpose of this study was to explore the roles of bilingualism and similarity/dissimilarity between first language (L1) and second language (L2) on word reading and phonological awareness of bilingual students. Totally 1614 monolingual and bilingual pupils from Tehran [Persian monolingual (Pm) area], Sanandaj [Kurdish-Persian bilingual (KPb) area] and Tabriz [Turkish-Persian bilingual (TPb)...

Background: ART contracts involving third parties have been created while clinical reproductive treatments are globally widespread. Iran is pioneer in applying these treatments in middle-east due to shii’at jurisprudence prescribing them. This key role in region, has raised Iranian jurists’ responsibility in developing a legal system regarding administration of ART. The most significant part of...

Political violence is known to cause psychological distress. There is a large body of empirical studies drawing correlations between war trauma, torture, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there are few studies on the effects of war-related trauma among Syrian refugees after events following the 'Arab Spring' uprisings between 2010 and 2012. This study examines the association ...

BACKGROUND Post-conflict reconciliation is supposed to have a positive impact on survivors of war and conflict. However, knowledge is limited as validated questionnaires to assess individual readiness to reconcile in the context of human rights violations are still missing. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to develop and pilot-test a questionnaire to assess individual readiness to reconcile in vic...

In any natural language processing project, the input text needs to undergo tokenization before morphological analysis or parsing. For Arabic script languages the tokenization process faces more problems and it plays a more crucial role in natural language processing (NLP) systems for Arabic script languages. In this work we elaborate on some of these problems and present solutions for these. T...

A central claim of democratic theory is that democracy induces governments to be responsive to the preferences of the people. Political parties organize politics in every modern democracy, and some observers claim that parties are what induce democracies to be responsive. Yet, according to others, parties give voice to extremists and reduce the responsiveness of governments to the citizenry. Th...

This research is under the title (Construction Grammar in Kurdish language), which turn an attempt to present grammar and from perspective of constructive Cognitive Linguistics. The construction as a term language base was not recent, it discussed other schools specific way schools, but subject with perceived background includes purposes, how build linguistic by being template accessible its sp...