We have used neutron reflectometry to investigate the behavior of a strong polyelectrolyte brush on a sapphire substrate, grown by atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from a silane-anchored initiator layer. The initiator layer was deposited from vapor, following treatment of the substrate with an Ar/H(2)O plasma to improve surface reactivity. The deposition process was characterized usi...

We describe a method for generating sentences from “keywords” or “headwords”. This method consists of two main parts, candidate-text construction and evaluation. The construction part generates text sentences in the form of dependency trees by using complementary information to replace information that is missing because of a “knowledge gap” and other missing function words to generate natural ...

background and aim. the toothbrush is the most widely used tooth-hygiene tool, and numerous designs have been manufactured, claiming superior plaque removal. this study aimed at comparing the efficacy of a tooth wipe to a manual toothbrush on reduction of microbial plaque. materials and methods. this crossover study was conducted on 30 subjects at two visits with one-week interval. before each ...

the soil bioengineering is an applied science that it is the composition of structural, biological and environment concepts for soil erosion, sediment and flood control. biotechnical engineering techniques rely on biological knowledge to build geotechnical and hydraulic structures and to secure unstable slopes and banks. the largest enhancement in development of new soil bioengineering methods ...