Increases in photosynthetic capacity (A1500) after defoliation have been attributed to changes in leaf-level biochemistry, water, and/or nutrient status. The hypothesis that transient photosynthetic responses to partial defoliation are regulated by whole-plant (e.g. source-sink relationships or changes in hydraulic conductance) rather than leaf-level mechanisms is tested here. Temporal variatio...

KP = { z ∈ C | the sequence P ◦k(z) is bounded }. We will write Pc(z) = z2 + c, and Kc, etc., when discussing quadratic polynomials speciˇcally. If P is monic of degree d with KP connected, there is then a unique conformal mapping φP : C − KP → C − $ D which satisˇes φP (P (z)) = (φP (z))d and tangent to the identity at ∞. We call RP (θ) = φ−1 P ({re2π iθ , r > 1}) the external ray of KP at ang...

Rational and soliton solutions of the KP hierarchy in the subgrassmannianGr1 are studied within the context of finite dimensional dual grassmannians. In the rational case, properties of the tau function, τ , which are equivalent to bispectrality of the associated wave function, ψ, are identified. In particular, it is shown that there exists a bound on the degree of all time variables in τ if an...

It is by now well known that the wave functions of rational solutions to the KP hierarchy which can be achieved as limits of the pure n-soliton solutions satisfy an eigenvalue equation for ordinary differential operators in the spectral parameter. This property is known as “bispectrality” and has proved to be both interesting and useful. In this note, it is shown that all pure soliton solutions...

We introduce an S-function formulation for the recently found r-th dispersionless modified KP and r-th dispersionless Dym hierarchies, giving also a connection of these S-functions with the Orlov functions of the hierarchies. Then, we discuss a reduction scheme for the hierarchies that together with the S-function formulation leads to hodograph systems for the associated solutions. We consider ...

In [1], Airault, McKean and Moser observed that the motion of poles of a rational solution to the K-dV or Boussinesq equation obeys the Calogero-Moser dynamical system [2, 3, 4] with an extra condition on the configuration of poles. In [8], Krichever observed that the motion of poles of a solution to the KP equation which is rational in t1 obeys the Calogero-Moser dynamical system. In this note...

The paper addresses a new “inverse” problem for reconstructing the amplitudes of 2D surface waves from observation of the wave patterns (formed by wave crests). These patterns will depend on the amplitudes because of nonlinear effects. We show that the inverse problem can be solved when the waves are modelled by an equation that supports soliton solutions. Specifically, the explicit solution to...

Data from the Imaging Riometer for Ionospheric Studies (IRIS) at Kilpisjärvi, Finland, have been compiled to form statistics of auroral absorption based on seven years of observations. In a previous study a linear relationship between the logarithm of the absorption and the Kp index provided a link between the observations of precipitation with the level of geomagnetic activity. A better fit to...

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been applied to investigate the flow field which develops above the vapor feed in packed separation columns. The uniformity of the flow below the packing is assessed by means of the coefficient of variation Kp. The resulting Kp for the standard inlet is input into an empirical correlation depending on the three most important, basically geometrical, dimens...

where each variable xi takes value 1 if and only if item i is inserted in the knapsack. Without loss of generality we can assume that all input parameters have integer values. In the following, we will refer to (I, p, w,C) as a knapsack instance. KP is NP-hard, but it is well-known that fairly large instances can be solved to ⇤ [email protected] † [email protected] ‡ markus.sinnl@un...